The Proval project-team is a research team common to INRIA-Futurs, CNRS and Université Paris-Sud 11. Researchers are also members of the LRI (Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, UMR 8623).
Critical software applications in the domain of transportation, telecommunication or electronic transactions are put on the market within very short delays. In order to guarantee a dependable behavior, it is mandatory for a large part of the validation of the system to be done in a mechanical way.
The ProVal team addresses this question and consequently participates to the INRIA major scientific challenge “to be capable of producing reliable software”.
Our approach uses Type Theoryas a theoretical basis, a formalism which gives a clear semantics for representing, on a computer, both computation and deduction.
Type theory is a natural formalism for the specification and proof of higher-order functional programs, but we also use it as the kernel for deductive verification of imperative programs. It serves as a support for modeling activities (e.g. pointer programs, random computations, floating point arithmetic, semantics).
Verification conditions (VCs) generated from programs annotated with specifications can often be expressed in simple formalisms (fragments of first-order logic) and consequently be solved using automated deduction. Building specialized tools for solving VCs, integrating different proof technologies, in particular interactive and automated ones, are important activities in our group.
When sophisticated tools are used for analyzing safety-critical code, their reliability is an important question: in an industrial setting, there is often a certification process. This certification is based on an informal satisfaction of development rules. We believe that decision procedures, compilers or verification condition generators (VCGs) should not act as black boxes but should be themselves specified and proved, or should produce evidence of the correctness of their output. This choice is influential in the design of our tools and is also a good challenge for them.
The project develops a generic environment ( Why) for proving programs. Whygenerates sufficient conditions for a program to meet its expected behavior, that can be solved using interactive or automatic provers. On top of this tool, we have built dedicated environments for proving C ( Caduceus) or Java ( Krakatoa) programs.
Marc Pouzet joined the team as a full professor in September 2005, opening a research activity on synchronous systems. The goal is to propose high-level languages for the development of critical embedded systems with high temporal constraints.
Our research activities are detailed further, following the four themes:
Higher-order functional languages,
Proof of imperative and object-oriented programs,
Automated deduction for program proof,
Synchronous Programming.
Development of tools and applications is an important transversal activity for these four themes.
Matthieu Sozeau and Yannick Moy are PhD students of our team. Each of them has written a single-authored paper that has been accepted for presentation to major conferences: respectively the International Conference on Functional Programming , and the International Conference on Verification, Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation .
Since november 2007, Esterel-Technologies distributes the new SCADE 6 design tool for safety-critical system. SCADE 6 is a major change of SCADE and provides new features, largely derived from research work by Marc Pouzet: mix of data-flow and hierarchical state machines as introduced in , various dedicated type systems such as a clock calculus or initialization analysis and follows the clock based compilation method of the Lucid Synchrone compiler.
Higher-order strongly typed programming languages such as Objective Caml help improving the quality of software development. Static typing automatically detects possible execution errors. Higher-order functions, polymorphism, modules and functors are powerful tools for the development of generic reusable libraries. Our general goal is to enrich such a software environment with a language of annotations, which can express logical properties of programs and the possibility to automatically and interactively develop proofs of correctness of the programs.
In order to reach this goal, we have explored different directions.
Dependent types provide a powerful language for building programs that are correct by construction. In the language underlying the Coq proof assistant, it is possible to introduce the type
of even numbers, or the type of sorted arrays of size
n, or the type of correct compilers.
However for the type-checking to remain decidable, the program itself needs to contain many extra informations which are only used for correctness. This leads to two problems: the first one is how to write such programs in a natural way (we want to mainly describe the algorithm and let proof strategies find most of the correctness part); the second one is how to compute efficiently with these programs.
The first problem has been adressed by M. Sozeau who proposes an extension of the Coq input language for building programs . The solution is similar to the mechanism subset types and Type Checking Conditions in PVS but a Coq proof term is built and is checked by the Coq kernel.
The second problem has been adressed in the Coq proof assistant by providing an extraction mechanism from Coq terms to purely functional programs (in Ocaml or Haskell). Extraction generates programs by erasing logical parts in constructive proofs of specifications. Such ML programs are then correct by construction. During his PhD thesis, P. Letouzey designed and implemented a new extraction mechanism for the Coq system , , much more powerful than the old version. With this new extraction, J.-C. Filliâtre and P. Letouzey could verify Ocaml finite sets libraries based on balanced trees . This study showed a bug in the Ocaml implementation: trees could possibly become unbalanced.
This extraction mechanism is an original feature for the Coq system, and has been used by several teams around the world in order to get efficient certified code .
Another question is how to reason and compute efficiently inside Coq on proof terms representing annotated programs. This is currently under investigation in collaboration with the LogiCal team as a proposal of an extension of the conversion rule in Coq which ignores the proof terms corresponding to correctness arguments.
We are using the capability of the Coq system to model both computation and deduction in order to explore different classes of applications. These examples involve the development of large reusable Coq libraries and suggest domain-specific specification and proof strategies.
C. Paulin in collaboration with Ph. Audebaud from ENS Lyon, proposed a method for modeling probabilistic programs in Coq. The method is based on a monadic interpretation of probabilistic programs as probability measures. A large Coq library has been developed and made publicly available. It contains an axiomatisation of the real interval [0, 1], a definition of distributions and general rules for approximating the the probability that a program satisfies a given property.
Many industrial programs (weather forecasts, plane trajectories, simulations...) use floating-point computations, typically double precision floating-point numbers . Even if each computation is as good as it can be (except for elementary functions like sine, or exponential), the final result may be very wrong with no warnings, or the program will produce unexpected behaviors (like division by zero). This is the reason why guarantees should be provided to the user. We mean to guarantee for example that, for all or part of the possible inputs, the result obtained is correct (or near enough) and that no exceptional behavior will occur .
We now have a methodology to perform formal verification of floating-point C programs. It extends the Whyplatform with new annotations specific to floating-point arithmetic. This technique is very flexible as both non-specialists and floating-point experts will be able to express the properties they assume the program to fulfil, directly on the source code. The generated VCs are for example “there is no overflow” or “the final error is less than...” .
Certifying the result of tools for analysing programs is a good challenge in the domain of proofs of higher-order functional programs. We obtained several results concerning formal proofs in Coq corresponding to automated deduction. These results are described in Section .
We are also starting a project for the modeling and proof of a compiler for the Lustre synchronous language. Our goal is to show the feasability of the certification using formal proofs of the compiler used in the new version of Scade developed by Esterel Technologies.
A foundation step of the project is the PhD thesis of Jean-Christophe Filliâtre that proposes to establish soundness of a program with imperative features (assignments, while loops, but also exceptions and exception handlers) by means of a translation into an equivalent purely functional program with logical annotations. Such an annotated functional program is very-well suited to be expressed in Coq's type theory, hence this approach allowed for the first time to prove imperative programs with Coq .
Following this thesis, a new tool called Whywas developed. It takes as input an imperative program and a specification that this program is expected to fulfil. It produces on one hand a set of verification conditions(VCs): logical formulas which have to be proved in the Coq system ; and on the other hand a Coq-term which contains a functional translation of the imperative program and a proof of correctness of this program based on the VCs. It was early remarked that this tool was independent of Coq, because the VCs can be validated in other interactive tools (such as PVS, Isabelle/HOL, etc.) or with automatic provers (such as Simplify, SMT solvers, etc.). This multi-prover architecture is a powerful feature of Why: it spreads this technology well beyond the Coq community.
Since 2002, we tackle programs written in “real” programming languages. We first considered Java source code annotated with JML (Java Modeling Language). This method was implemented in a new tool called Krakatoa . The approach is based on a translation from annotated Java programs into the specific language of Why, we then can reuse Why's VCG mechanism and choose between different provers for establishing these VCs.
>From 2003, we followed the same approach for programs written in ANSI C, in collaboration with Gemalto company and Dassault Aviation company, and started the development of a tool called Caduceus .
We develop a platform combining several of our own tools and other ones. The tool playing the central role in our platform is Why, implementing the proof of programs approach proposed by Jean-Christophe Filliâtre . The programs handled by Whyare written in a specific language, they are annotated with pre and post conditions (similar to classical Hoare's logic). Whygenerates VCs, the validity of which ensures correctness of the program with respect to the original specification. In Why, these VCs are first-order formula that can be translated into the syntax of different provers: interactive higher-order provers like Coq, PVS, HOL-light or Mizar or automatic provers such as Simplify, Ergo, haRVey or SMT provers (Yices, Z3, CVC3). This multi-prover architecture is clearly a strong advantage of the tool. Whyis a tool which is regularly evolving. We integrate aspects which are not necessarily in the theory but which are needed for practical applications.
We develop
Whyfront-ends for dealing with real C or Java source code. Our approach is based on a translation from source code into an equivalent program written in
Why, leading to the architecture shown in Figure
. The central issue for the design of our platform is the modeling of memory heap for Java and C programs, handling possible
aliasing (two different pointer or object expressions representing the same memory location): the
Whytool does not handle aliasing by itself, indeed it does not support any form of complex data structures like objects, structures, pointers. On the other hand,
Whysupports declaration of a kind of algebraic specifications: abstract data types specified by first-order functions, predicates and axioms. As a consequence, there is a general
approach for using
Whyas a target language for
programming the semanticsof higher-level programming languages
. The
Krakatoaand the
Caduceusmemory models are inspired by the `component-as-array' representation due to Bornat, following an old idea from Burstall, and commonly used to verify pointers programs. Each
field declaration
fin a Java class or a C structure introduces a
Whyvariable
Mfin the model, which is a map (or an array) indexed by addresses. We extended this idea to handle Java arrays and JML annotations
and pointer arithmetic in C
.
We are developing, in collaboration with CEA-List, a platform called
Frama-Cfor static analysis of C programs (
http://
This platform is under development, as part of the ANR CAT project, and will be distributed under open-source licence.
The techniques we are developing can be naturally applied in domains which require to develop critical software for which there is a high need of certification.
The Krakatoatool was successfully used for the formal verification of a commercial smart card applet proposed by Gemalto. This case study have been conducted in collaboration with LOOP and Jive groups. Banking applications are concerned with security problems that can be the confidentiality and protection of datas, authentication, etc. The translation of such specifications into assertions in the source code of the program is an essential problem. We have been working on a Java Card applet for an electronic purse Demoney developed by the company Trusted Logic for experimental purpose. Other Java Card case studies have been conducted in collaboration with Gemalto by J. Andronick and N. Rousset, in particular on global properties and Java Card transactions , .
To illustrate the effectiveness of the Caduceustool, T. Hubert and C. Marché performed a full verification of a C implementation of the Schorr-Waite algorithm , using Caduceusand Coq. This is an allocation-free graph-marking algorithm used in garbage collectors, which is considered as a benchmark for verification tools. Other case studies are currently investigated by T. Hubert (with Dassault Aviation) and by Y. Moy (with France Telecom).
Our group has a long tradition of research on automated reasoning, in particular on equational logic, rewriting, and constraint solving. The main topics that have been under study in recent years are termination proofs techniques, the issue of combination of decision procedures, and generation of proof traces. Our theoretical results are mainly materialized inside our two automated provers CiME and Ergo.
On the termination topic, we have studied new techniques which can be automated. A fundamental result of ours is a criterion for checking termination modularlyand incrementally , and further generalizations . These criteria and methods have been implemented into the CiME2 rewrite toolbox . Around 2002, several projects of development of termination tools arose in the world. We believe we have been pioneer in this growth, and indeed we organized in 2004 the first competition of such tools.
A direction of research on termination techniques was also to apply our new approaches (for rewriting) to other computing formalisms, first to Prolog programs and then to membership equational programs , a paradigm used in the Maudesystem .
Our research related to combination of decision procedures was initiated by a result obtained in collaboration with Shankar's group at SRI-international who develops the PVS environment, showing how decision procedures for disjoint theories can be combined as soon as each of them provides a so-called “canonizer” and a “solver”. Existing combination methods in the literature are generally not very well understood, and S. Conchon had a major contribution, in collaboration with Sava Krstić from OGI School of Science and Engineering (Oregon Health and Science University, USA), which is a uniform description of combination of decision procedures, by means of a system of inference rules, clearly distinguished from their strategy of application, allowing much clearer proofs of soundness and completeness , .
In the specific domain of program verification, the goals to be proved are given as formulae in a polymorphic multi-sorted first-order logic. Some of the sorts, such as integers and arrays, are built-in as they come from the usual data-types of programming languages. Polymorphism is used as a convenience for defining the memory models of C and Java programs and is handled at the level of the Whytool.
In order to be able to use all the available automated theorem provers (Simplify, SMT provers), including those which handle only untyped formulae (Simplify), one has to provide a way to get rid of polymorphism.
S. Conchon and É. Contejean have proposed an encoding of polymorphic multi-sorted logic (PSL) into unsorted logic based on term transformation, rather than addition of sort predicates which was used till then. S. Lescuyer worked on this topic during his master thesis .
It would be more convenient to deal with polymorphism directly in the theorem prover. Unfortunately, there was no such prover available at the beginning of 2006. That is why S. Conchon and É. Contejean decided to develop a new tool called Ergo which is dedicated to the resolution of polymorphic and multi-sorted proof obligations and takes as input the Whysyntax.
Ergo is based on
CC(
X)a generic congruence closure algorithm for deciding ground formulas in the combination of the theory of equality with uninterpreted symbols and an arbitrary
built-in solvable theory
X. Currently,
CC(
X)can be instantiated by the empty equational theory, by the linear arithmetics and the theory of constructors.
Ergo contains also a Fourier-Motzkin decision procedure for linear arithmetics inequalities, a home-made SAT-solver and an instantiation mechanism.
Ergo is safe and its architecture is modular: each part is described by a small set of inference rules and is implemented as an Ocaml functor. Moreover, the code is short (3000 lines).
The current experimentations are very promising with respect to speed and to the number of proof obligations automatically solved.
A common issue to both termination techniques and decision procedures is that automatic provers use complex algorithms for checking validity of formula or termination of a computation, but when they answer that the problem is solved, they do not give any more useful information. It is highly desirable that they give a proof trace, that is some kind of certificate that could be double-checked by a third party, such as an interactive proof assistant like Coq. Indeed Coq is based on a relatively small and stable kernel, so that when it checks that a proof is valid, it can be trusted.
CiME implements in particular a semi-decision procedure for the equality modulo a set of axioms, based on ordered completion. In 2005, the former human readable proof traces have been replaced by Coq certificates, based on reified proof objects for a FOL logic modelled inside Coq .
É. Contejean is currently developing a new version of the CiME tool associated with a Coq library called Coccinelle. A new trace generator will output a trace for Coq in the unified framework provided by the Coccinelle library. Coccinelle contains the corresponding modelling of terms algebras and rewriting statements, and also some generic theorems which are needed for establishing a rewriting property from a trace. For example, in order to produce a certificate of termination for a rewriting system, one may provide as a trace an ordering which contains the rewrite system, but it is also needed to have a proof that this ordering is well-founded. Such a proof (for RPO for instance) is part of Coccinelle as a generic property. The main improvement over the previous approach is that the Coq development is parameterized with respect to the equality predicate (instead of using the Coq native equality). This allows to deal uniformly with equality modulo a set of axioms, with termination of a set of rewrite rules, and with rewriting modulo a set of equations, such as associativity-commutativity.
The goal is to propose high-level languages for the development of critical embedded systems with both high temporal requirements and safety , , , . Our research activities concern the extension of synchronous languages with richer abstraction mechanisms (e.g., higher-order, functionality, dedicated type systems such as the clock calculus), the ability to describe heterogeneous systems (e.g., data-flow and control-flow, discrete and continous) or to account for resources through dedicated type-systems.
These research activities are experimented inside two programming languages, Lucid Synchrone and ReactiveML.
Lucid Synchrone is a data-flow language based on a Lustre semantics and is dedicated to real-time embedded software. It extends Lustre with features usually found in ML-languages such as typing and higher-order functions. It provides original features such as the arbitrary mix of data-flow and hierarchical automata , various type-based static analysis , and modular compilation into sequential code .
ReactiveML is an extension of Objective Caml with synchronous concurrency (based on synchronous parallel composition and broadcast of signals). The goal is to provide a general model of deterministic concurrency inside a general purpose functional language to program reactive systems (e.g., graphical interfaces, simulation systems). The research activity concerns the development of compilation techniques, dedicated type systems to ensure various safety properties (e.g., determinism, reactivity, boundedness) or the mix of both synchronous and asynchronous concurrency.
In collaboration with Albert Cohen and Christine Eisenbeis (INRIA Alchemy), Marc Duranton (Philips Natlabs, Eindhoven), we have introduced in 2005 a new programming model for the design of
video intensive applications. This model, called the
N-synchronous model, is based on an extension of the synchronous model allowing to combine non strictly synchronous streams provided that they can be synchronized through the use of
bounded buffers. This is obtained by introducing particular clocks as infinite binary periodic words
. Thanks to the periodic nature of these clocks, we are able to verify properties like the absence of buffer
overflows and deadlocks during the execution. Clock verification is expressed as a type-inference problem with a sub-typing rule. The core of the model has been settled in
and
. Florence Plateau works since that time on this subject.
Many systems in telecommunication, banking or transportation involve sophisticated software for controlling critical operations. One major problem is to get a high-level of confidence in the algorithms or protocols that have been developed inside the companies or by partners.
Many smartcards in mobile phones are based on a (small) Java virtual machine. The card is supposed to execute applets that are loaded dynamically. The operating system itself is written in C, it implements security functions in order to preserve the integrity of data on the card or to offer authentication mechanisms. Applets are developed in Java, compiled, and then the byte-code is loaded and executed on the card. Applets or the operating systems are relatively small programs but they need to behave correctly and to be certified by an independent entity.
If the user expresses the expected behavior of the program as a formal specification, it is possible for a tool to check whether the program actually behaves according to the requirements. We have a collaboration with Gemalto in this area.
Avionics or more generally transportation systems are another area were there are critical algorithms involved, for instance in Air Traffic control. We have collaborations in this domain with Dassault-Aviation and National Institute of Aerospace (NIA, Hampton, USA).
CiME is a rewriting toolbox. Distributed since 1996 as open source, at URL
http://
CiME2 is no longer maintained, and the currently developed version is CiME3 which is already available as CVS sources. The main new feature of CiME3 is the production of traces for Coq. This comes with a Coq library called Coccinelle. CiME3 and Coccinelle are also developed by the participants of the A3PAT project at the CNAM and they will be distributed under the Cecill-C licence.
The Whyplatform is a set of tools for deductive verification of Java and C source code. In both cases, the requirements are specified as annotations in the source, in a special style of comments. For Java (and Java Card), these specifications are given in JML and are interpreted by the Krakatoatool. For C, we designed our own specification language, largely inspired from JML. Those are interpreted by the Caduceustool.
The platform is distributed as open source, under GPL Licence, at
http://
A back-end tool also called Whyserves as the VCG. It differs from other systems in that it outputs conditions for several existing provers: interactives ones (Coq, Isabelle/HOL, PVS, HOL-light, Mizar) and automatic ones (Simplify, Ergo, and SMT provers Yices, CVC3, Z3, haRVey, etc.). Whyhas been used directly by external researchers in published verifications of non-trivial algorithms (Efficient square root used in GMP, Knuth's algorithm for prime numbers).
Verification of Java Card applets using Krakatoais under experimentation at Gemalto company. It is also used for teaching. (University of Evry, Ecole Polytechnique).
Caduceusis currently under experimentation at Gemalto company, at Dassault Aviation company, and at CEA (Saclay). It is also used for teaching at Ecole Polytechnique (2006/2007, 1st year master ISIC, projet de verification) and at University of Evry (2005-2006 and 2006-2007, proofs using Coq)
In 2007, an Eclipse plugin for the platform has been developed.
Ergo is a little engine of proof dedicated to program verification, whose development started in 2006. It is fully integrated in the program verification tool chain developed in our team. It solves goals that are directly written in the Why's annotation language; this means that Ergo fully supports first order polymorphic logic with quantifiers. Ergo also supports the standard defined by the SMT-lib initiative.
It is currently used in our team to prove correctness of C and Java programs as part of the
Whyplatform. Ergo is also called as an external prover by the Pangolin tool developed by Y. Regis Gianas, INRIA project-team Gallium
http://
Ergo is distributed as open source, under the CeCILL-C licence, at URL
http://
Program is an extension to Coq which eases the construction of dependently-typed programs using an original type system, generating VCs to be solved interactively using the prover. It is
distributed under the LGPL licence along with Coq (
http://
Lucid Synchrone is an experimental language for the implementation of reactive systems. It is based on the synchronous model of time as provided by Lustre combined with features from ML languages. It provides powerful extensions such as type and clock inference, type-based causality and initialization analysis and allows to arbitrarily mix data-flow systems and hierarchical automata or flows and valued signals.
It is distributed under binary form, at URL
http://
The language has served as a laboratory to experiment various extensions of the language Lustre. Several programming constructs (e.g., the merge, last) and type-based program analysis (e.g., typing, clock calculus) originaly introduced in Lucid Synchrone are integrated in the new SCADE 6 compiler developped at Esterel-Technologies.
ReactiveML is a programming language dedicated to the implementation of interactive systems as found in graphical user interfaces, video games or simulation problems. ReactiveML is based on the synchronous reactive model of Boussinot embedded in an ML language (Objective Caml).
The Synchronous reactive model provides synchronous parallel composition and dynamic features like the dynamic creation of processes. In ReactiveML, the reactive model is integrated at the language level (not as a library) which leads to a safer and a more natural programming.
ReactiveML is distributed at URL
http://
The language is mainly used for the simulation mobile ad hoc networks at the University Paris 6 and for the simulation of sensor networks at France telecom and Verimag (CNRS, Grenoble).
Bibtex2html is a generator of HTML pages of bibliographic references. Distributed as open source, under the GPL licence, at
http://
Bibtex2html is also distributed as a package in most Linux distributions. Package popularity contests show that it is among the 20% most often installed packages.
Ocamlgraph is a graph library for Objective Caml. It features many graph data structures, together with many graph algorithms. Data structures and algorithms are provided independently of
each other, thanks to Ocaml module system. Ocamlgraph is distributed as open source, under the LGPL licence, at
http://
M. Sozeau continued his work on a specific language for writing programs with dependent types in the Calculus of Inductive Constructions, the core language of the Coq proof assistant.
Previous work was based on an extension of conversion to subset types. He extended this approach to general dependent families. He demonstrated the usefulness of this method by developing a non-trivial example (a certified implementation of finger-trees) which has been presented at the ICFP conference .
This high-level language has been part of the Coq distribution since 2005. The implementation in Coq (4,000 lines of Ocaml code) gained robustness and completeness. It has been used and stress-tested by a handful researchers around the world.
M. Sozeau is now looking for solutions to implement the extensions needed in Coq's conversion rule to have a faithful translation from the high-level language to the kernel language and ease reasoning about programs resulting from this translation. The main extension, called proof-irrelevance, would also add mathematical power and a more classical feel to the system. This has already been studied by B. Werner . Hence this is joint work with him and the LogiCal team.
The work of C. Paulin and Ph. Audebaud from ÉNS Lyon for modeling probabilistic programs in Coq as probability measures will be published in a special issue of the journal Science of Computer Programming .
A new version of the corresponding Coq library has been developed. It is based on a general theory of ordered sets and cpos. It contains high-level theorems for analysing recursive programs. It is currently used in Verimag (Grenoble) and in the Everest INRIA team (Sophia-Antipolis) for formalizing proofs in computational cryptography in the framework of the SCALP project.
S. Boldo has been working with G. Melquiond (previously ÉNS Lyon and now INRIA-Microsoft Research, Orsay) on the properties of odd rounding. This has led them to a very original method to compute with correct rounding a FMA (Fused Multiply and Add) or a sum .
Professor William Kahan proposed in November 2004 a program for a precise discriminant for quadratic equations. Proofs were described as “far longer and trickier” than the algorithms and programs and the author deferred their publication. S. Boldo has done a full formal proof of the program, including the fact that the main test in the program can be wrong due to floating-point errors .
An established collaboration with M. Daumas (Université of Perpignan Via Domitia) and R.-C. Li (University of Texas at Arlington, USA) has been carried on about argument reductions. This is the first step and a very delicate one to compute elementary functions (exponential, sine...). This work has been accepted for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Computers .
S. Boldo and A. Viel have been working on floating-point summation programs. After proving a result on the naive summation, they have been working on a compensated summation algorithm by Kahan. This 1965 tricky algorithm is known to have a very good error bound.
S. Boldo and M. Daumas are writing a book on floating-point arithmetic where statements are formally proved.
In collaboration with Olivier Danvy and Kevin Millikin from the University of Aarhus, D. Biernacki has conducted a continuation of his PhD thesis on theoretical and practical aspects of functional languages with delimited continuations (used in, e.g., non-deterministic programming, partial evaluation, mobile code, Web interactions). In particular, they have carried out further investigation of operational semantics, program transformations and applications of dynamic continuations and their hierarchies, leading to a refined higher-level specification (continuation semantics and CPS transformation), and implementations of dynamic continuations allowing for their incorporation in existing languages. This work has been accepted for publication in the TOPLAS journal .
Malgorzata Biernacka has been working on operational aspects of functional programming languages with the goal of conducting formal verification of some of its aspects in the Coq system, using it as a tool for representing languages and their semantics and proving their properties. In particular, a proof of existence of weak head normal forms for a typed language (system T) has been carried out and the extraction mechanism of Coq has produced a program realizing this proof, which is in effect an evaluator for the language. On the one hand, the Coq system provides all the necessary ingredients to formally capture the entire proof in all detail. On the other hand, the extracted program, though fully functional, is unsatisfactory when it comes to efficiency and type safety, which suggests some possible further fine-tuning of the Coq extraction mechanism.
Another line of work in verification of programming languages is formalization of derivations of abstract machines from high-level operational definitions via reduction semantics. Since both reduction semantics and abstract machines are used at various stages of language design, implementation and practical use, it is desirable to be able to formally state the equivalence (in a certain sense) of all such semantic descriptions, and to be able to prove this equivalence. As a first step towards an automated derivation, M. Biernacka and D. Biernacki have proved correct a method of refocusing that leads from a reduction semantics satisfying standard properties to an abstract machine (this is work in progress; a preliminary version was presented at the 7th International Workshop on Reduction Strategies in Rewriting and Programming ). This approach is essentially untyped, allowing reasoning about potentially nonterminating functions. Although Coq imposes termination on recursive definitions, this method can still be represented inside the Coq system, if we use relations rather than functions. The refocusing method works both for pure languages and for languages with computational effects.
S. Conchon, J.-C. Filliâtre and J. Signoles designed and implemented Ocamlgraph, a highly generic graph library for the programming language Ocaml. This library features a large set of graph data structures—directed or undirected, with or without labels on vertices and edges, as persistent or mutable data structures, etc.—and a large set of graph algorithms. Algorithms are written independently from graph data structures, which allows combining user data structure (resp. algorithm) with Ocamlgraph algorithm (resp. data structure). Genericity is obtained through massive use of the Ocaml module system and its functions, the so-called functors. This work has been presented at the Eight Symposium on Trends in Functional Programming and selected to appear in the book series Trends in Functional Programming(Intellect Publishing) .
A. Oudot started in October 2006 the development of a new user interface for the Whyplatform , integrated into the Eclipseenvironment, a widely used framework for Java development tools. It is generic, in the sense that it supports both Java and C source code, and it allows to execute in parallel the automatic provers for discharging VCs, with a graphical display of the results. The objective is to offer an easier access to our verification tools, but also advanced features to developers. This plugin has been presented during an ANR-RNTL CAT meeting and has been demonstrated during the “journée INRIA-Industrie Confiance et Sécurité” in October 2007.
Sylvie Boldo and Jean-Christophe Filliâtre introduced annotations specific to floating-point arithmetic that have been successfully applied to several short floating-point programs .
This methodology is currently applied to a real-life program computing the gradient as part of the CerPAN project. We have moreover developed an appropriate technique to bound the rounding error when computing a sequence of values. In our case, a naive approach would give an error proportional to the exponential of the number of steps. The idea is to give an analytical expression of the rounding error. This technique was successfully applied to a second order linear recurrence where the error was proved proportional to the square of the number of steps and the same result is expected for a function part of the computation of the gradient. An upcoming article will describe this techniques and these two applications.
For the future development of analyses in the Whyplatform, a new intermediate language called Jessiehas been designed. It is the target language of translation from C and Java, and is itself translated in a second stage into the input language of the WhyVCG. The design of Jessiehas been presented in an invited talk at the PLPV workshop .
Y. Moy has developed a plugin to connect Jessieto the Frama-Cplatform.
T. Hubert and C. Marché made many improvements in the separation analysis whose design started in October 2005. A major improvement is the parametricity of memory variables: briefly speaking, pointers as parameters of functions may have polymorphicregions, which allows to call this function with different regions as instances. This has been implemented in Caduceus, and applied to a real embedded program for avionics provided by Dassault Aviation (30kloc), and this model improved drastically (from 82% to 99.9%) the number of VCs solved automatically. An article describing this approach was presented at the HAV'07 Workshop . The ten remaining VCs were first proved using the Coq proof assistant, but now are also solved automatically thanks to another technique ; see Section .
Y. Moy worked on providing guarantees about the memory safety of real C programs used in embedded devices. This originated in a need expressed at France Télécom R&D that no available tool could fulfill. He focused on designing modular, contextual and idiomatic approaches to memory safety for C pointer programs. A first approach, combining forward and backward abstract interpretation, has been presented at the HAV'07 workshop , . A second approach has been proposed, combining abstract interpretation, weakest precondition calculus and quantifier elimination. This second analysis has been accepted for presentation at the VMCAI'08 conference .
N. Rousset and Y. Moy implemented this new analysis in the
Jessietool. This implementation is roughly 3000 lines of Ocaml for the plugin part inside
Jessie. It calls the external library APRON (
http://
Y. Moy also proposed a new approach for supporting the union types and the pointer casts of C programs, in the Whyplatform. It consists of a global analysis of the C source code to detect all possible pointer casts and generate accordingly an intermediate Jessieprogram. This has been presented at the C/C++ Workshop and implemented in a new Jessieplugin of the Frama-Cplatform, developed in the ANR CAT project.
R. Bardou did his 2nd year master internship on the subject of structure invariants in the Jessieintermediate language. It proposed to reuse the Boogie methodology for class invariants in Object Oriented programs, based on an ownershiprelation between objects. The challenge was to combine this approach with the component-as-array memory modeling of Jessie. A solution is described in the master report and a paper is in preparation.
In the context of the PFC project, Nicolas Stouls started in September 2007 to study existing approaches to express some high level security properties in annotation languages, such as JML for Java programs or ACSL for C programs. The case study currently used is a very low level specification of a secured boot loader called OSLO (Open Secure LOader), which includes some assembler routines. The objective is to specify finely this case study and identify the appropriate high-level constructions for specifying and verifying global security properties on a program.
When dealing with large programs, it is essential to provide mechanisms for modularity and abstraction of data-types. We have started several directions of research around the Whyplatform, to provide appropriate abstraction mechanisms at different levels.
Wendi Urribarrí is currently investigating a module system for the input language of the WhyVCG. She defined notions of modules and interfaces, proposed refinement rules and is currently proving a principle of state variables hiding.
C. Marché and N. Rousset implemented in Krakatoathe new constructions required for specifying algebraic models. This appears to be crucial to go further in the development of certified libraries. A roadmap for required future developments needed to fully support abstraction and refinement at the level of Java source code has been published . Another article is under preparation on refinement techniques for Java programs.
J.-C. Filliâtre proposed a methodology to verify programs written in assembly languages, and applied it to the verification of MIXprograms. MIXis the ideal machine introduced by D. Knuth in The Art of Computer Programming. MIXprograms are first annotated with logical annotations and then turned into purely sequential programs (with no more tests or jumps) on which classical techniques can be applied. Contrary to other approaches of verification of unstructured programs, the location of annotations is not imposed, but only the existence of at least one invariant on each cycle in the control flow graph. A prototype has been implemented and used to verify several programs from The Art of Computer Programming. This work has been presented at the Journées en l'honneur de Donald E. Knuth(Bordeaux, France) .
Synthesizing inductive invariants is a key issue in many domains such as program verification or model based testing. However, few approaches help the designer in the task of writing a correct and meaningful model, where correction is used for consistency of the formal specification w.r.t. its inner invariant properties. In a joint work with F. Dadeau, J.-F. Couchot proposed to ease the task of writing a correct and meaningful formal specification by using a panel of provers, presenting possibly unbounded data values to a finite one, (i.e. instantiating) without loss of generality, employing a set-theoretical constraint solver to conclude on the formula and, possibly, to produce a counter-example, and putting into practice some model-checkers to find a finite execution path, from the initial states to the invalid states corresponding to this instantiation. Thanks to this integration of techniques, the user is able to improve the quality of formal specifications.
C. Marché organized the fourth “Termination Competition”, in collaboration with Hans Zantema of University of Eindhoven (
http://
C. Marché also continued to study termination for other computing formalisms than rewriting, extending previous results on Prolog programs to the membership equational programs paradigm
used in the
Maudesystem. This is done in collaboration with José Meseguer (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA), Salvador Lucas (University of Valencia, Spain), Francisco Duran
(University of Málaga, Spain) and Xavier Urbain (IEE, CNAM, France). This year, a new extension of the previous techniques has been proposed, to deal with rewriting modulo theories, and to
support the so-called
operational termination. This is published in the HOSC journal
, and has been implemented into a new tool called MTT (
http://
J.-F. Couchot extended the work of S. Lescuyer about the encoding of polymorphism: he showed how to encode PSL into multi-sorted logics such as the SMT-lib standard (thus allowing to use SMT provers such as Yices, Z3, CVC3 or RV-sat). Together, J.-F. Couchot and S. Lescuyer designed efficient reductions of polymorphism into both unsorted and many-sorted first order logic . The efficiency keynote is to disturb the prover as little as possible, especially the internal decision procedures used for special sorts, e.g. integer linear arithmetic, to which a special treatment is applied. These reductions have been implemented in the Whyplatform and successfully applied to many case studies.
S. Conchon and É. Contejean fully formalized the core decision procedure
CC(
X)of Ergo by inference rules. Together with J. Kanig, they gave some conditions to ensure soundness of the procedure
.
The implementation of the
CC(
X)module requires an efficient union-find data structure. Due to the backtracking mechanism performed by the toplevel SAT-solver of Ergo, it is necessary to be
able to come back to previous values of the union-find data structure. The usual and optimal union-find algorithm (due to Tarjan), is based on imperative data structures and thus is not
amenable to backtracking. Sylvain Conchon and Jean-Christophe Filliâtre proposed an implementation of a persistent union-find data structure which appears to be almost as efficient as its
imperative counterpart. Although it is persistent, this solution makes heavy use of imperative features. A formal proof of correctness has been done in the Coq proof assistant, especially
to show the persistent nature of this solution. This work has been presented at JFLA 2007
and at the SIGPLAN Workshop on ML 2007
.
S. Conchon and J.-C. Filliâtre generalized an idea present in the work described above and introduced the new notion of semi-persistence. A data structure is said to be semi-persistent where only ancestors of the most recent version can be accessed or updated. Making a data structure semi-persistent may improve its time and space complexity. This is of particular interest in backtracking algorithms manipulating persistent data structures, where this property is usually satisfied. In particular, this is the case for the union-find data structure used internally by Ergo. S. Conchon and J.-C. Filliâtre proposed a proof system to statically check the valid use of semi-persistent data structures. It requires a few annotations from the user and then generates VCs that are automatically discharged by a dedicated decision procedure. An article will be presented at ESOP'08 .
Separation analysis is not always efficient enough to make VCs accessible to automatic theorem provers. On industrial C programs, such as case studies provided by Dassault Aviation, it remains some VCs that cannot be discharged by any SMT prover, yet valid. Typically, a VC contains a very large context of hypothesis and axioms are infinitely instantiated by useless terms from this context. J.-F. Couchot and T. Hubert designed a strategy to select relevant hypotheses in each VC . The relevance of an hypothesis is the combination of syntactical and semantically separated dependency analysis implemented by some graph traversals.
The approach has been implemented in the Whyplatform and successfully applied on case studies from Dassault Aviation. As said in Section , it allowed to automatically solve 100% of the VCs generated for a first case study. It has then been experimented on a even larger case study (70,000 lines of code) and allowed to increase the ratio of VCs solved from 96.1% to 97.4%.
É. Contejean has modelled permutations inside the Coccinelle library . Permutations naturally arise when formally modeling rewriting in Coq, for instance RPO with multiset status and equality modulo AC. Moreover the needed permutations are up to an equivalence relation, and may be used to inductively define the same relation (equivalence modulo RPO). This is why the notion of permutation w. r. t. an arbitrary relation is introduced. The advantages of this approach are a very simple inductive definition (with only 2 constructors), the adequacy with the mathematical definition, the ability to define a relation using recursively permutations up to this very relation, and a fine grained modularity (if enjoys a property, so does ).
É. Contejean has also modelled and formally proved in Coccinelle some powerful criteria of termination: dependency pairs , the main modularity theorem for termination presented in the thesis of Urbain as well as innermost termination, dependency pairs for it and its equivalence with standard termination in some specific cases .
É. Contejean and the CNAM participants of the A3PAT project, Pierre Courtieu, Julien Forest, Olivier Pons and Xavier Urbain have developed in CiME the production of termination traces, and in Coccinelle the modelling of rewriting relations and the “interpretation” of termination traces as termination certificates , . This interpretation is based on dependency pairs criteria and uses either polynomial orderings or RPO. The well-foundedness of RPO and the fact that RPO is an ordering compatible with the rewriting relation has been fully proven in Coccinelle. Currently, they are able to certify the termination of 300 systems out of the 900 problems in the TPDB (termination problems data base). In 2007, CiME\Coccinelle was an entrant of the termination competition in the new category for certified termination proofs, and ranked the second place among the three participants.
S. Conchon, É. Contejean and J. Kanig have developed a mechanism to automate equality proofs generated by Ergo in Coq
,
. The equality they considered is the combination of the pure theory of equality over uninterpreted symbols
and a built-in decidable theory
X. Their approach is intermediate between traditional complete proof reconstruction and verified provers. Reasoning about the theory
Xis implemented independently in Coq and in Ergo. This double blind computation enables both tools to interact only by lightweight traces about pure equalities which are produced by
Ergo and interpreted by Coq. The Coq development follows the same modular architecture as Ergo. Currently, they have instantiated proof traces for the combination of the pure theory of
equality and the theory of linear arithmetic.
An important research activity of the field concerns the unification of data-flow and hierarchical automata, the two main programming models for designing real-time systems.
During year 2007, M. Pouzet has continued the work started in on the extension of synchronous languages, in collaboration with Jean-Louis Colaço (Esterel-Technologies). He also developed a new model of clock types to account for periodic real-time sampling.
During 2007, the development of the new version (V3) of the Lucid Synchrone compiler have been pursued. It is freely available at
http://
L. Mandel improved the development of ReactiveML, an extension of Objective Caml with reactive constructs . During the period, several improvements of the compiler have been performed. A reimplementation is in progress, with an improved type system that guarantees the reactivity property. A reference article is published in . L. Mandel also continued a collaboration with L. Maranget (Moscova Team, INRIA Rocquencourt) with the development of the JoCaml language, which is an extension of OCaml with concurrency, based on the join-calculus .
During year 2007, Florence Plateau have proposed a largely simpler version of the original algorithm and algebraic properties of the
N-synchronous model as introduced in colloboration with Albert Cohen, Christine Eisenbeis (INRIA Alchemy) and Marc Duranton (NXP Labs, Eindhoven). A journal version of
is under way.
Florence Plateau proposed a new clock calculus algorithm, using an abstraction technique. The idea is to forget the exact presence and absence instants of the stream by bounding the real
clock by two very regular ones, much simpler to manipulate. This algorithm accepts only correct programs. It is not complete with respect to the original theory of
N-synchrony but reduces the clock verification problem to a simpler problem, mainly the resolution of a set of linear constraints. Moreover, it can be adapted to type programs with non
periodic clock provided they are bounded by periodic ones (which model jiitering in real-time systems).
A new research activity, concerning the certification of a synchronous programs compiler inside the Coq proof assistant, has been started in September 2006.
In 2007, D. Biernacki and M. Pouzet have implemented MiniLucid, a prototype (yet efficient) compiler for Lustre in Ocaml. The compiler is based on program transformations and produces code in a simple object-based language that is then translated into a subset of C, Java or Ocaml. Each stage in the compiler is rigorously defined in the mathematical sense and therefore lends itself to formalization in Coq. A purely functional version of this compiler has been written in Coq. This work has been presented in .
It is clear that the certification of some stages of the compiler is easier to obtain by program extraction from Coq proofs of some logical properties (e.g., decidability of type inference), whereas of some others (e.g., translation into intermediate code) can be easier obtained by simply proving its correctness in Coq. Of the former category, D. Biernacki and A. Bertails have formalized in Coq the type system and the clock calculus, i.e., the bulk of the static semantics of Lustre, and through the Coq program extraction mechanism, we have obtained executable, certified Ocaml procedures that perform type and clock inference, a considerable part of the front-end of the compiler. Of the latter category, we have been working on reformulation of the standard relational semantics of Lustre into an operational formalism (in the style of Kahn's natural semantics) that seems to be more suitable for proving correctness of the program transformations used in the compiler (work in progress).
C. Paulin developed a Coq library for modeling Kahn's network (deterministic parallel programs seen as stream transformers). It is based on a general theory of CPOs. The originality of this theory is to introduce computable least-upper-bounds using co-inductive definitions. The notion of Kahn's networks is defined as a cpo with good properties of closure by composition and recursion. This library could possibly be used for expressing the denotational semantics of synchronous programs.
The PFC project (Plateforme de Confiance, trusted platforms) is one project in the SYSTEM@TIC Paris Region French cluster in complex systems design and management
http://
The goal of the project is the conception and validation of secure and safe embedded applications. Within this project, we closely collaborate with Gemalto, CEA-LIST, Dassault Aviation and Trusted Logic.
This project is funded by the french ministry of industry (FCE) for 30 month from december 2006 to may 2009.
This project is funded by FCE for two years, starting September 2007. The coordinator is Thales.
Partners: Dassault-Aviation, Thales, Esterel-Technologies, TNI, Airbus, LRI.
The GENCOD project aims a defining methods to certify the Esterel compiler for hardware (Norm. DO 254, the hardware version of DO 178 B used for critical software).
We are collaborating with Dassault Aviation in the area of verification of embedded programs written in C.
Thierry Hubert started in February 2005 a thesis on static analysis of functional properties of imperative programs. The goal is to adapt techniques of static analysis for Java or C source code in order to infer appropriate annotations that will be used for formal proofs of the programs. This work is motivated by the need to deal with large applications.
Nicolas Rousset started his thesis in January 2005. He is working on the conception and validation of secure embedded applications, in particular on smart cards. The idea is to use UML/OCL notations for specifications and to make the link with the tools Krakatoaand Caduceusas well as Esterel studio. This requires to interpret the semantics of UML diagrams in term of logical formula.
Yannick Moy started his PhD in january 2006. He is working on the analysis of the usage of dynamic memory in embedded C code. The goal is to design static analysis methods for pointer manipulations specialized to the telecommunications applications.
CAT (C Analysis Tools) is a RNTL project related to the verification of C programs
http://
The goal of the project is to develop an open-source toolkit for analysing industrial-size C programs during development, verification, maintenance and evolution. We address the following issues:
reusability of components;
threats detection (division by zero), fault propagation and proof of global properties;
dependance analysis (control and data flow) for documentation and detection of the impact of modifications.
Partners: CEA, IRISA, Dassault Aviation, Airbus, Siemens.
A3PAT (Assister Automatiquement les Assistants de Preuve Avec des Traces, Helping proof assistants with full automation by means of traces, literally “on three legs”) is a 3 years project
funded by ANR, started in December 2005.
http://
It aims at helping proof assistants with trustworthy decision procedures, in particular by generating proof traces in order to build proof terms.
The coordinator is Xavier Urbain (CNAM). The scientific leaders are Yves Bertot (Inria Sophia), Pierre Casteran (Labri, Bordeaux 1) and É. Contejean (LRI, Orsay).
The expected results are
to define a language well suited for proof traces (equality by rewriting, termination, paramodulation and congruence closure). It is also planed to have certified proofs of local confluence for rewriting systems, hence modelling critical pairs lemma and standard, AC and C unification algorithms is needed
to implement the theoretical results so as to enable connection between Coq and CiME.
to fully integrate the Ergo theorem prover inside the Coq proof assistant using an ad-hoc trace mechanism.
CerPAN (Certification de Programmes d'Analyse Numérique) is a 3 years project funded by ANR, started in December 2005.
http://
This project aims at developping and applying methods which allow to formally prove the soundness of programs from numerical analysis. We are more precisely working on problems related to the verification of floating point algorithms. The partners are: University Paris 13, INRIA, CNAM.
This project is funded by “ACI Sécurité et Informatique”. The coordinator is M. Pouzet.
http://
Partners: INRIA PopArt, Grenoble; VERIMAG, Grenoble; INRIA MIMOSA, Sophia-Antipolis, CMOS University of Evry.
The objective of this project is to propose an integrated environment for the development of embedded systems. It is devoted to typical embedded systems expressed as closed loops. It is based on a set of languages for programming both the control part of the system as well as its environment.
This project is funded by ANR (program SESUR).
http://
It will start on january 2008 for 4 years; the coordinator is Yassine Lakhnech from VERIMAG, Grenoble.
Partners:Verimag, INRIA Everest, ENS Lyon, LRI, CNAM.
The SCALP project (Security of Cryptographic Algorithms with Probabilities) aims at developping automated tools for the verification of cryptographic systems.
This project is funded by ANR (program RNTL), on automation of the test of embedded systems designed in SCADE and SIMULINK. It starts in January 2008, and is coordinated by I. Parissis from LIG, Grenoble.
TYPES is a working group in the EU's 6th framework programme. It started in September 2004 and will last until april 2008. It is a continuation of a number of successful European projects
(ESPRIT BRA 6453, 1992 - 1995, ESPRIT working group 21900, 1997 - 1999 and IST working group 29001, 2000 - 2003)
http://
The project involves not less than 33 academic groups in Sweden, Finland, Italy, Portugal, Estonia, Serbia, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Poland ; and industrial research groups at France Telecom and Dassault Aviation.
The aim of the research is to develop the technology of formal reasoning and computer programming based on Type Theory. This is done by improving the languages and computerised tools for reasoning, and by applying the technology in several domains such as analysis of programming languages, certified software, formalisation of mathematics and mathematics education.
We participate to the PAI “Types, Proofs and Correct Program” which is a joint program (2006-2007) coordinated by J.-P. Jouannaud (LIX, Ecole Polytechnique) and P. Urzyczyn (University of Warsaw, Poland).
We have a collaboration with National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica in Taipei (Taiwan). In May, we submitted an ORCHID project on Formal Methods for Software Security.
Marc Pouzet was invited at the University of Bamberg (Germany) for a week by Prof. Mendler in July 2006 and November 2007.
He also spend two months during spring 2007 at NXP Labs. in Eindhoven (The Netherlands), under the European Marie-Curie contract PSYCHES in collaboration with INRIA team Alchemy and NXP.
Dr Jacek Chrząszcz and Dr Daria Walukiewicz from Warsaw University (Poland) visited the Proval team for one month, in June 2007.
Since 2007, Marc Pouzet is a junior member of the IUF ( “Institut Universitaire de France”), that distinguishes each year a few french university professors for the high quality of their research activities.
C. Paulin is vice-president of the project committee of INRIA Futurs and member of the national evaluation board of INRIA. In 2007, she participated to the jury of CR2 hiring committee at INRIA Futurs-Bordeaux and INRIA Futurs-Lille as well as the national DR2 hiring committee.
C. Marché was member of the jury of CR1 hiring committee in 2007 at INRIA Futurs.
C. Marché is a member of the “commission de spécialistes”, Section 27, University Paris-Sud 11.
C. Paulin is a member of the steering committee of the european TYPES working group.
C. Paulin is an elected member of the board ( “conseil d'administration”) of University Paris-Sud 11.
É. Contejean was a member of the “jury de l'agrégation externe de mathématiques”as an expert in computer science for the hiring session of 2007.
C. Marché is member of the program committee of Digiteo Labs (the world-class research park in Ile-de-France dedicated to information and communication science and technology,
http://
C. Paulin is director of the Graduate school in Computer Science at University Paris Sud
http://
C. Marché organized the 4th ”Termination Competition” in June 2007
http://
S. Boldo organized a session of a workshop of the working group “Arithmétique” of the GDR “Informatique Mathématique” in January 2007.
É. Contejean organized the 21th International Workshop on Unification in June 2007
http://
Together with Th. Coquand, G. Dowek, F. Fages, X. Leroy and D. Rémy, C. Paulin organised in June 2007 the colloquium in honor of Gérard Huet 60th birthday
http://
C. Paulin and M. Pouzet are member of IFIP Working Group 2.11 (Program Generation)
http://
Marc Pouzet is associate editor of the EURASIP Journal on Embedded systems (
http://
C. Marché is a member of the program committee of the 7th International Workshop on Rewriting Logic and its Applications (WRLA'08).
C. Paulin was a member of the program committee of the 14th Workshop on Logic, Language, Information and Computation (WoLLIC'2007, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and of the 20th International Conference on Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics (TPHOLs 2007, Kaiserslautern, Germany). She is participating to the program committee of the 21st International Conference on Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics (TPHOLs 2008, Montreal, Quebec, Canada). She is also Program Chair and will organize the 9th International Conference on Mathematics of Program Construction (MPC 2008).
S. Conchon is a member of the program committee of 3ème Journée Francophone sur le Développement de Logiciels Par Aspects (JFDLPA 2007).
J.-C. Filliâtre was a member of the program committee of the 20th International Conference on Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics (TPHOLs 2007, Kaiserslautern, Germany) and of the 2nd Automated Formal Methods workshop (AFM07, Atlanta, USA). He will be a member of the program committee of the 21st International Conference on Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics (TPHOLs 2008, Montreal, Quebec, Canada).
É. Contejean is the program committee chair of the International Workshop on Unification (UNIF 2007, June 29, Paris, France).
Marc Pouzet is the co-chair of the workshop on synchronous languages (SLAP) in 2006. He was member of the program committe of the “Journées Francophones des Langages Applicatifs” (JFLA) 2008, of the conference “Modélisation des systèmes réactifs” MSR 2006 and 2007, FMGALS 2007, Real-Time and Network Systems Conference 2007. He is member of the steering committee of the workshop on Model-driven Higher-level Programming of Embedded Systems (SLA++P) since 2006. He will be member of the program committee of RTNS 2008.
J.-C. Filliâtre was invited speaker at CORTA 2007 (Covilhã, Portugal).
C. Marché was invited speaker at PLPV 2007 (Freiburg, Germany).
C. Marché reviewed the PhD manuscript of Mariela Pavlova (University of Nice, January 19th, 2007) and the manuscript of Yann-Régis-Gianas (University Paris 7, November 29th, 2007). He was member of the PhD jury of Nicolas Stouls (Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, December 14th, 2007).
C. Paulin was member of the PhD jury of Hichem Houissa (University Paris-Sud 11, May 22nd, 2007), Kostantinos Chatzikokolakis (Ecole Polytechnique, Oct 26th, 2007), Pierre Sennelart (University Paris-Sud 11, Dec 12th, 2007). She reviewed the manuscript and was member of the PhD jury of Julien Groslambert (University of Franche-Comté, Sept. 14th, 2007),
M. Pouzet was member of the Phd jury of Sébastien Labbe (University of Paris-6, September 25th 2007). He reviewed the PhD manuscript of Frédéric Dabrowski (University of Paris 7, June 22nd 2007) and of Jean-Baptiste Note (Université of Paris 6 and Ecole Normale Supérieure, October 31st 2007).
S. Boldo supervised the internship of A. Viel (ÉNS student) (proofs of floating-point summation programs, April to September 2007).
S. Conchon and É. Contejean supervised the internship of Johannes Kanig (2nd year of the Master Univ. Dresden, Germany, sep 2006-aug 2007). S. Conchon and É. Contejean supervise the Ph.D. thesis of Stéphane Lescuyer (started September 2007) (complete certification of an automated theorem prover dedicated to program verification).
J.-C. Filliâtre supervised the internship of B. Vadon (design and implementation of a graph editor based on hyperbolic geometry, February to June 2007). J.-C. Filliâtre is supervising the Ph.D. thesis of Johannes Kanig (started September 2007).
C. Marché supervises PhD of Thierry Hubert (CIFRE co-supervised by E .Ledinot, Dassault aviation), Nicolas Rousset (CIFRE co-supervised by B. Chetali, Gemalto), Yannick Moy (CIFRE co-supervised by P. Crégut, France Télécom R&D), and Romain Bardou (ÉNS Cachan, since September 2007). He supervised the master thesis of Romain Bardou (Feb. to Aug. 2007).
C. Paulin supervises the Ph. D. thesis of Matthieu Sozeau (programming with dependent types in Coq) and Wendi Urribarrí (towards certified libraries). Together with Franck Védrine (CEA-LIST), she supervises the PhD of Nicolas Ayache (Verification of System C programs) at CEA LIST.
M. Pouzet supervises the PhD of Florence Plateau (LRI, since sept. 2005). He is the co-advisor (with Alain Girault) of the PhD. thesis of Gwenael Delaval (INRIA PopArt Grenoble, start in sept. 2004).
Master Parisien de Recherche en Informatique (MPRI)
http://
In 2006–2007, J.-C. Filliâtre lectured in the course on “Constructive Proofs” (12h).
In 2007-2008, É. Contejean lectured on advanced rewriting (12h) in the course on “Automated Deduction”.
In 2007-2008, C. Paulin lectured (12h) in the course on “Proof assistants”.
In 2007-2008, M. Pouzet lectured (15h) in the course on “Synchronous System”.
Marc Pouzet is responsible of a course (24h) on synchronous programming in the Professional Master (ISIC, “Ingenieurie des Systèmes Industriels Complexes” of École Polytechnique, University Paris-Sud 11 and INSTN).
C. Paulin and J.-C. Filliâtre lectured at the Types Summer School (August 19-31th, 2007, Bertinoro, Italy), respectively on the Coq proof assistant and the Whyplatform (9h course + 5h practical lab).
S. Conchon, L. Mandel and M. Pouzet are teaching as part of their duty (192h per year) at University Paris-Sud 11. Florence Plateau is teaching as part of its duty (64h per year) as “monitrice”at I.U.T Orsay.
M. Pouzet is in charge of the second year of the master in Computer Science, for the “professional” branch. He is in charge of the Master MISIC on Industrial Systems
http://
C. Marché presented the activities of the team, and gave a demo of the
Whyplatform, at the “Journée INRIA-industrie Confiance et Sécurité” in October 2007
http://
F. Plateau and Y. Moy prepared an activity related to logics for the event “Fête de la science”organized by the French ministry of Education and Research (October 12-13, 2007). F. Plateau, Y. Moy, S. Boldo, J. Kanig and N. Stouls animated this activity. This involved the programmation of a computer game with a graphical interface and an optimal computer resolution. One hundred visitors (students, families) attended their activity.