This interdisciplinary project brings together researchers coming from different horizons and backgrounds (applied mathematics and fluid mechanics), who gradually elaborated a common vision of what should be the simulation tools for fluid dynamics of tomorrow. Our applications will be focused on
wall bounded turbulent flows, featuring complex phenomena such as aeroacoustics, hydrodynamic instabilities, phase change processes, complex walls, buoyancy or localized relaminarization. Because such flows are exhibiting a multiplicity of time and length scales of fluctuations resulting from complex interactions, their simulation is extremely challenging. Even if various methods of simulation (DNS
Establish the behavior of the different types of turbulence modeling approaches when combined with high order discretization methods.
Elaborate relevant and robust switching criteria between models, similar to error assessments used in automatic mesh refinement, but based on the physics of the flow, in order to adapt on the fly the scale of resolution from one extreme of the spectrum to another (say from the Kolmogorov scale to the geometrical scale, i.e., from DNS to RANS).
Ensure a high level of accuracy and robustness of the resulting simulation tool to address a large range of flow configurations, i.e., from a generic lab-scale geometry for validation to practical systems of interest of our industrial partners.
But the best agile modeling and high-order discretization methods are useless without the recourse to high performance computing (HPC) to bring the simulation time down to values compatible with the requirement of the end users. Therefore, a significant part of our activity will be devoted to the proper handling of the constantly evolving supercomputer architectures. But even the best ever simulation library is useless if it is not disseminated and increasingly used by the CFD community as well as our industrial partners. In that respect, the significant success of the low-order finite volume simulation suite OpenFOAM
Contributing to the development of new turbulence models.
Improving high order numerical methods, and increasing their efficiency in the constantly evolving High Performance Computing context.
Developing experimental tools.
Concerning applications, our objective are :
To reinforce the long term existing partnership with industrial groups active in the sector of energy production and aeronautical/automotive propulsion, and the other European partners involved in the same European projects as we are.
To consolidate and develop partnership with SMEs operating in the aeronautical sector.
A typical continuous solution of the Navier-Stokes equations at sufficiently large values of the Reynolds number is governed
by a wide spectrum of temporal and spatial scales closely connected with the turbulent nature of the flow. The term deterministic chaos employed by Frisch in his enlightening book is certainly conveying most adequately the difficulty in analyzing and simulating this kind of flows.
The broadness of the turbulence spectrum is directly controlled by the Reynolds number defined as the ratio between the inertial forces and the viscous forces. This number is not only useful to determine the transition from a laminar to a turbulent flow regime, it also indicates the range of scales of fluctuations that are present in the flow under consideration. Typically, for the velocity field and far from solid walls, the ratio between the largest scale (the integral length scale) and the smallest one (Kolmogorov scale) is proportional to
To the noticeable exception of the hybrid RANS-LES modeling, which is not yet accepted as a reliable tool for industrial design, as mentioned in the preamble of the Go4hybrid European program
All the methods considered in the project are mesh-based methods: the computational domain is divided into cells, that have an elementary shape:
triangles and quadrangles in two dimensions, and tetrahedra, hexahedra, pyramids, and prisms in three dimensions. If the cells are only regular hexahedra, the mesh is said to be structured. Otherwise, it is said to be unstructured. If the mesh is composed of more than one sort of elementary shape, the mesh is said to be hybrid. In the project, the numerical strategy is based on discontinuous Galerkin methods. These methods were introduced by Reed and Hill and first studied by Lesaint and Raviart . The extension to the Euler system with explicit time integration was mainly led by Shu, Cockburn and their collaborators. The steps of time integration and slope limiting were similar to high-order ENO schemes,
whereas specific constraints given by the finite-element nature of the scheme were gradually solved for scalar conservation laws , ,
one dimensional systems , multidimensional scalar conservation laws , and multidimensional systems . For the same system, we can
also cite the work of , , which is slightly different: the stabilization is made by adding a nonlinear term, and the time
integration is implicit. In contrast to continuous Galerkin methods, the discretization of diffusive operators is not straightforward. This is due to the discontinuous
approximation space, which does not fit well with the space function in which the diffusive system is well posed. A first stabilization was proposed by Arnold . The first application of discontinuous Galerkin methods to Navier-Stokes equations was proposed in by
mean of a mixed formulation. Actually, this first attempt led to a non-compact computational stencil, and was later proved to be unstable.
A compactness improvement was made in , which was later analyzed, and proved to be stable in a more
unified framework . The combination with the
They can be developed for any order of approximation.
The computational stencil of one given cell is limited to the cells with which it has a common face. This stencil does not depend on the order of approximation. This is a pro, compared for example with high-order finite volumes, for which the number of neighbors required increases with the order of approximation.
They can be developed for any kind of mesh, structured, unstructured, but also for aggregated grids . This is a pro compared not only with finite-difference schemes, which can be developed only on structured meshes, but also compared with continuous finite-element methods, for which the definition of the approximation basis is not clear on aggregated elements.
Upwinding is as natural as for finite volumes methods, which is a benefit for hyperbolic problems.
As the formulation is weak, boundary conditions are naturally weakly formulated. This is a benefit compared with strong formulations, for example point centered formulation when a point is at the intersection of two kinds of boundary conditions.
For concluding this section, there already exists numerical schemes based on the discontinuous Galerkin method, which proved to be efficient for computing compressible viscous flows. Nevertheless, there remain many things to be improved, which include: efficient shock capturing methods for supersonic flows, high-order discretization of curved boundaries, low-Mach-number behavior of these schemes and combination with second-moment RANS closures. Another aspect that deserves attention is the computational cost of discontinuous Galerkin methods, due to the accurate representation of the solution, calling for a particular care of implementation for being efficient. We believe that this cost can be balanced by the strong memory locality of the method, which is an asset for porting on emerging many-core architectures.
With the considerable and constant development of computer performance, many people were thinking at the turn of the 21st century that in the short term, CFD would replace experiments, considered as too costly and not flexible enough. Simply flipping through scientific journals such as Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Combustion and Flame, Physics of Fluids or Journal of Computational Physics or through websites such that of Ercoftac
A crucial point for any multi-scale simulation able to locally switch (in space or time) from a coarse to a fine level of description of turbulence, is the enrichment of the solution by fluctuations as physically meaningful as possible. Basically, this issue is an extension of the problem of the generation of realistic inlet boundary conditions in DNS or LES of subsonic turbulent flows. In that respect, the method of anisotropic linear forcing (ALF) we have developed in collaboration with EDF proved very encouraging, by its efficiency, its generality and simplicity of implementation. So, it seems natural, on the one hand, to extend this approach to the compressible framework and to implement it in AeroSol. On the other hand, we shall concentrate (in cooperation with EDF R&D in Chatou in the framework of a the CIFRE PhD of V. Duffal) on the theoretical link between the local variations of the scale of description of turbulence (e.g. a sudden variations in the size of the time filter) and the intensity of the ALF forcing, transiently applied to promote the development of missing fluctuating scales.
In aerodynamics, and especially for subsonic computations, handling inlet and outlet boundary conditions is a difficult issue. A significant amount of work has already been performed for second-order schemes for Navier-Stokes equations, see , and the huge number of papers citing it. On the one hand, we believe that decisive improvements are necessary for higher-order schemes: indeed, the less dissipative the scheme is, the worse impact have the spurious reflections. For this purpose, we will first concentrate on the linearized Navier-Stokes system, and analyze the way to impose boundary conditions in a discontinuous Galerkin framework with a similar approach as in . We will also try to extend the work of , which deals with Euler equations, to the Navier-Stokes equations.
We shall develop in parallel our multi-scale turbulence modeling and the related adaptive numerical methods of AeroSol. Without prejudice to methods that will be on the podium in the future, a first step in this direction will be to extend to a compressible framework the continuous temporal hybrid RANS/LES method we have developed up to now in a Mach zero context.
In the targeted application domains, turbulence/wall interactions and heat transfer at the fluid-solid interface are physical phenomena whose numerical prediction is at the heart of the concerns of our industrial partners. For instance, for a jet engine manufacturer, being able to properly design the configuration of the cooling of the walls of its engine combustion chamber in the presence of thermoacoustic instabilities is based on the proper identification and a thorough understanding of the major mechanisms that drive the dynamics of the parietal transfer. Our objective is to take advantage of our analysis, experimental and computational tools to actively participate in the improvement of the collective knowledge of such kind of transfer. The flow configurations dealt with from the beginning of the project are those of subsonic, single-phase impinging jets or JICF (jets in crossflow) with the possible presence of an interacting acoustic wave. The issue of conjugate heat transfer at the wall will be also gradually investigated. The existing switchover criteria of the hybrid RANS/LES models will be tested on these flow configurations in order to determine their domain of validity. In parallel, the hydrodynamic instability modes of the JICF will be studied experimentally and theoretically (in cooperation with the SIAME laboratory) in order to determine the possibility to drive a change of instability regime (e.g., from absolute to convective) and thus to propose challenging flow conditions that would be relevant for the setting-up of an hybrid LES/DNS approach aimed at supplementing the hybrid RANS/LES approach.
The production and subsequent use of DNS (AeroSol library) and experimental (MAVERIC bench) databases dedicated to the improvement of the physical models is a significant part of our activity. In that respect, our present capability of producing in-situ experimental data for simulation validation and flow analysis is clearly a strongly differentiating mark of our project. The analysis of the DNS and experimental data produced make the improvement of the hybrid RANS/LES approach possible. Our hybrid temporal LES (HTLES) method has a decisive advantage over all other hybrid RANS/LES approaches since it relies on a well-defined time-filtering formalism. This feature greatly facilitates the proper extraction from the databases of the various terms appearing in transport equations obtained at the different scales involved (e.g. from RANS to LES). But we would not be comprehensive in that matter if we were not questioning the relevance of any simulation-experiment comparisons. In other words, a central issue is the following question: are we comparing the same quantities between simulations and experiment? From an experimental point of view, the questions to be raised will be, among others, the possible difference in resolution between the experiment and the simulations, the similar location of the measurement points and simulation points, the acceptable level of random error associated to the necessary finite number of samples. In that respect, the recourse to uncertainty quantification techniques will be advantageously considered.
As the flows simulated are very computationally demanding, we will maintain our efforts in the development of AeroSol in the following directions:
Efficient implementation of the discontinuous Galerkin method.
Implicit methods based on Jacobian-Free-Newton-Krylov methods and multigrid.
Porting on heterogeneous architectures.
Implementation of models.
In high-order discontinuous Galerkin methods, the unknown vector is composed of a concatenation of the unknowns in the cells of the mesh. An explicit residual computation is composed of three loops: an integration loop on the cells, for which computations in two different cells are independent, an integration loop on boundary faces, in which computations depend on data of one cell and on the boundary conditions, and an integration loop on the interior faces, in which computations depend on data of the two neighboring cells. Each of these loops is composed of three steps: the first step consists in interpolating data at the quadrature points; the second step in computing a nonlinear flux at the quadrature points (the physical flux for the cell loop, an upwind flux for interior faces or a flux adapted to the kind of boundary condition for boundary faces); and the third step in projecting the nonlinear flux on the degrees of freedom.
In this research direction, we propose to exploit the strong memory locality of the method (i.e., the fact that all the unknowns of a cell are stocked contiguously). This formulation can reduce the linear steps of the method (interpolation on the quadrature points and projection on the degrees of freedom) to simple matrix-matrix product which can be optimized. For the nonlinear steps, composed of the computation of the physical flux on the cells and of the numerical flux on the faces, we will try to exploit vectorization.
For our computations of the IMPACT-AE project, we have used explicit time stepping. The time stepping is limited by the CFL condition, and in our flow, the time step is limited by the acoustic wave velocity. As the Mach number of the flow we simulated in IMPACT-AE was low, the acoustic time restriction is much lower than the turbulent time scale, which is driven by the velocity of the flow. We hope to have a better efficiency by using time implicit methods, for using a time step driven by the velocity of the flow.
Using implicit time stepping in compressible flows in particularly difficult, because the system is fully nonlinear, such that the nonlinear solving theoretically requires to build many times the Jacobian. Our experience in implicit methods is that the building of a Jacobian is very costly, especially in three dimensions and in a high-order framework, because the optimization of the memory usage is very difficult. That is why we propose to use a Jacobian-free implementation, based on . This method consists in solving the linear steps of the Newton method by a Krylov method, which requires Jacobian-vector product. The smart idea of this method is to replace this product by an approximation based on a difference of residual, therefore avoiding any Jacobian computation. Nevertheless, Krylov methods are known to converge slowly, especially for the compressible system when the Mach number is low, because the system is ill-conditioned. In order to precondition, we propose to use an aggregation-based multigrid method, which consists in using the same numerical method on coarser meshes obtained by aggregation of the initial mesh. This choice is driven by the fact that multigrid methods are the only one to scale linearly , with the number of unknowns in term of number of operations, and that this preconditioning does not require any Jacobian computation.
Beyond the technical aspects of the multigrid approach, which is challenging to implement, we are also interested in the design of an efficient aggregation. This often means to perform an aggregation based on criteria (anisotropy of the problem, for example) . To this aim, we propose to extend the scalar analysis of to a linearized version of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, and try to deduce an optimal strategy for anisotropic aggregation, based on the local characteristics of the flow. Note that discontinuous Galerkin methods are particularly well suited to h-p aggregation, as this kind of methods can be defined on any shape .
Until the beginning of the 2000s, the computing capacities have been improved by interconnecting an increasing number of more and more powerful computing nodes. The computing capacity of each node was increased by improving the clock speed, the number of cores per processor, the introduction of a separate and dedicated memory bus per processor, but also the instruction level parallelism, and the size of the memory cache. Even if the number of transistors kept on growing up, the clock speed improvement has flattened since the mid 2000s . Already in 2003, pointed out the difficulties for efficiently using the biggest clusters: "While these super-clusters have theoretical peak performance in the Teraflops range, sustained performance with real applications is far from the peak. Salinas, one of the 2002 Gordon Bell Awards was able to sustain 1.16 Tflops on ASCI White (less than 10% of peak)." From the current multi-core architectures, the trend is now to use many-core accelerators. The idea behind many-core is to use an accelerator composed of a lot of relatively slow and simplified cores for executing the most simple parts of the algorithm. The larger the part of the code executed on the accelerator, the faster the code may become. Therefore, it is necessary to work on the heterogeneous aspects of computations. These heterogeneities are intrinsic to our computations and have two sources. The first one is the use of hybrid meshes, which are necessary for using a locally-structured mesh in a boundary layer. As the different cell shapes (pyramids, hexahedra, prisms and tetrahedra) do not have the same number of degrees of freedom, nor the same number of quadrature points, the execution time on one face or one cell depends on its shape. The second source of heterogeneity are the boundary conditions. Depending on the kind of boundary conditions, user-defined boundary values might be needed, which induces a different computational cost. Heterogeneities are typically what may decrease efficiency in parallel if the workload is not well balanced between the cores. Note that heterogeneities were not dealt with in what we consider as one of the most advanced work on discontinuous Galerkin on GPU , as only straight simplicial cell shapes were addressed. For managing at best our heterogeneous computations on heterogeneous architectures, we propose to use the execution runtime StarPU . For this, the discontinuous Galerkin algorithm will be reformulated in terms of a graph of tasks. The previous tasks on the memory management will be useful for that. The linear steps of the discontinuous Galerkin methods require also memory transfers, and one issue consists in determining the optimal task granularity for this step, i.e. the number of cells or face integrations to be sent in parallel on the accelerator. On top of that, the question of which device is the most appropriate to tackle such kind of tasks is to be discussed.
Last, we point out that the combination of shared-memory and distributed-memory parallel programming models is better suited than only the distributed-memory one for multigrid, because in a hybrid version, a wider part of the mesh shares the same memory, therefore making a coarser aggregation possible.
These aspects will benefit from a particularly stimulating environment in the Inria Bordeaux Sud Ouest center around high-performance computing, which is one of the strategic axes of the center.
We will gradually insert models developed in research direction in the AeroSol library in which we develop methods for the DNS of compressible turbulent flows at low Mach number. Indeed, due to its formalism based on temporal filtering, the HTLES approach offers a consistent theoretical framework characterized by a continuous transition from RANS to DNS, even for complex flow configurations (e.g. without directions of spatial homogeneity). As for the discontinuous Galerkin method available presently in AeroSol, it is the best suited and versatile method able to meet the requirements of accuracy, stability and cost related to the local (varying) level of resolution of the turbulent flow at hand, regardless of its complexity. The first step in this direction was taken in 2017 during the internship of Axelle Perraud, who has implemented a turbulence model (
To supplement whenever necessary the test flow configuration of MAVERIC and apart from configurations that could emerge in the course of the project, the following configurations for which either experimental data, simulation data or both have been published will be used whenever relevant for benchmarking the quality of our agile computations:
The impinging turbulent jet (simulations).
The ORACLES two-channel dump combustor developed in the European projects LES4LPP and MOLECULES.
The non reactive single-phase PRECCINSTA burner (monophasic swirler), a configuration that has been extensively calculated in particular with the AVBP and Yales2 codes.
The LEMCOTEC configuration (monophasic swirler + effusion cooling).
The ONERA MERCATO two-phase injector configuration provided the question of confidentiality of the data is not an obstacle.
Rotating turbulent flows with wall interaction and heat transfer.
Turbulent flows with buoyancy.
Cagire is presently involved in studies mainly related to:
The combustion chamber wall: the modelling, the simulation and the experimentation of the flow around a multiperforated plate representative of a real combustion chamber wall are the three axes we have been developing during the recent period. The continuous improvement of our in-house test facility Maveric is also an important ingredient to produce our own experimental validation data for isothermal flows. For non-isothermal flows, our participation in the EU funded program Soprano will be giving us access to non-isothermal data produced by Onera.
The flow around airfoils: the modelling of the turbulent boundary layer has been for almost a century a key issue in the aeronautics industry. However, even the more advanced RANS models face difficulties in predicting the influence of pressure gradients on the development of the boundary layer. A main issue is the reliability of the modelling hypotheses, which is crucial for less conservative design. One of the technological barriers is the prediction of the flow in regimes close to the edge of the flight domain (stall, buffeting, unsteady loads) when the boundary layer is slowed down by an adverse pressure gradient. This is the subject of the CIFRE PhD thesis of Gustave Sporschill, started in 2018, in collaboration with Dassault Aviation.
R. Manceau has established a long term collaboration (4 CIFRE PhD theses in the past, 2 ongoing) with the R & D center of EDF of Chatou, for the development of refined turbulence models in the in-house CFD code of EDF, Code_Saturne :
The prediction of heat transfer in fluid and solid components is of major importance in power stations, in particular, nuclear power plants. Either for the thermohydraulics of the plenum or in the study of accidental scenarii, among others, the accurate estimation of wall heat transfer, mean temperatures and temperature fluctuations are necessary for the evaluation of relevant thermal and mechanical design criteria. The PhD thesis (CIFRE EDF) of G. Mangeon is dedicated to the development of relevant RANS models for these industrial applications.
Moreover, the prediction of unsteady hydrodynamic loadings is a key point for operating and for safety studies of PWR power plants. Currently, the static loading is correctly predicted by RANS computations but when the flow is transient (as, for instance, in Reactor Coolant Pumps, due to rotor/stator interactions, or during operating transients) or in the presence of large, energetic, coherent structures in the external flow region, the RANS approach is not sufficient, whereas LES is still too costly for a wide use in industry. This issue constitutes the starting point of the just-started PhD thesis (CIFRE EDF) of Vladimir Duffal.
The engine (underhood) compartment is a key component of vehicle design, in which the temperature is monitored to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the vehicle, and participates in 5 to 8% of the total drag and CO2 emissions. Dimensioning is an aerodynamic and aerothermal compromise, validated on a succession of road stages at constant speed and stopped phases (red lights, tolls, traffic jam). Although CFD is routinely used for forced convection, state-of-the-art turbulence models are not able to reproduce flows dominated by natural convection during stopped phases, with a Rayleigh number of the order of
The Power & Vehicles Division of IFPEN co-develops a CFD code to simulate the internal flow in a spark-ignition engine, in order to provide the automotive industry with tools to optimize the design of combustion engines. The RANS method, widely used in the industry, is not sufficiently reliable for quantitative predictions, and is only used as a tool to qualitatively compare different geometries. On the other hand, LES provides more detailed and accurate information, but at the price of a CPU cost unafordable for daily use in the industry. Therefore, IFPEN aims at developing the hybrid RANS/LES methodology, in order to combine the strengths of the two approaches. The PhD thesis of Hassan Afailal, co-supervised by Rémi Manceau, is focused on this issue.
After having taken over the responsibility of the team since its creation, Pascal Bruel, 59, has decided this year to hand over the reins! After consultation, Inria's management has appointed Remi Manceau as the new head of the Cagire team as of 18 November 2019.
Keyword: Finite element modelling
Functional Description: The AeroSol software is a high order finite element library written in C++. The code has been designed so as to allow for efficient computations, with continuous and discontinuous finite elements methods on hybrid and possibly curvilinear meshes. The work of the team CARDAMOM (previously Bacchus) is focused on continuous finite elements methods, while the team Cagire is focused on discontinuous Galerkin methods. However, everything is done for sharing the largest part of code we can. More precisely, classes concerning IO, finite elements, quadrature, geometry, time iteration, linear solver, models and interface with PaMPA are used by both of the teams. This modularity is achieved by mean of template abstraction for keeping good performances. The distribution of the unknowns is made with the software PaMPA , developed within the team TADAAM (and previously in Bacchus) and the team Castor.
News Of The Year: In 2019, the following points were addressed in AeroSol
*Update, documentation, and wiki for the test case
*exact solution of Riemann problem and exact Godunov solver
*Development of Droplet model, and of a Baer and Nunziato diphasic model.
*Beginning of implementation of eddy viscosity models (k-epsilon, Spalart-Almarras) turbulence models.
*Add the possibility of mesh dependent data (for example, a flow computed by AeroSol with the Euler system) for being used as input for another model (e.g. advection of droplets within this flow). This feature is used also for wall distance for turbulent models.
*Penalization problems, with single core mesh adaptation was merged in the master branch.
*Improvements of PETSc usage: possibility of solving linear problems that are not of size nvar, usage of MUMPS LU solver through PETSc.
*Interfacing with SLEPc for solving eigenvalues and eigenvectors problems.
*High order visualization based on GMSH.
*Beginning of interfacing with PARMMG for parallel mesh adaptation.
*Clean of warning, error messages, etc...
Participants: Benjamin Lux, Damien Genet, Mario Ricchiuto, Vincent Perrier, Héloïse Beaugendre, Subodh Madhav Joshi, Christopher Poette, Marco Lorini, Jonathan Jung and Enrique Gutierrez Alvarez
Partner: BRGM
Contact: Vincent Perrier
The latest version of the pressure-correction algorithm developed in the last years in close partnership with Prof. E. Dick (Ghent University, Belgium) and Dr. Y. Moguen (UPPA, France) has been published this year . Beyond its promotion , future efforts will be directed towards its extension to reacting single phase flows.
In our joint work, published this year with our Kazakh colleagues , we have focused on detailing the vortical patterns present in the structure of a sonic jet injected normally into a supersonic crossflow. Such a generic flow configuration is considered to feature some prominent characteristics encountered in propulsion system based on supersonic combustion (scramjet). A critical pressure ratio value beyond which new vortical structures are appearing has been evidenced. Contacts have been taken with ONERA to have access to their experimental database which is much more developed than the one we had access to so far. Some specific adaptation will have to be conducted though, in order to adapt the simulation to the slightly different flow configuration considered by ONERA.
These results have been obtained in the framework of the cooperation with the National University of Córdoba (Argentina).
Predicting the pressure loads produced by the atmospheric wind flow over a cylindrical vertical tank
Pressure distributions obtained using different RANS turbulence models were compared with experimental data obtained in wind tunnel tests for a tank with a closed roof. We have considered a flat shape and a conical roof of 25 degrees. Combinations of aspect ratios equal to 0.5, 1 and 2, and Reynolds numbers equal to 250000, 290000 and 340000 were simulated. The results of the numerical model were compared with those obtained in experimental tests in a wind tunnel of the atmospheric boundary layer using a rigid tank model. We have worked to obtain a stable atmospheric boundary layer in the complete domain using the correct boundary conditions for the implemented RANS models. After that, we have developed numerical simulations for the flow around the tanks inside the atmospheric boundary layer. These results have been published in .
Studying the interaction of a wall with the flow around two cylinders arranged in tandem
For this configuration, the cylinders were immersed in a flow with a boundary layer profile at a subcritical Reynolds number (Re=10000). The three-dimensional transient turbulent flow around the cylinders was simulated numerically using the SAS turbulence model. The effects of wake interference due to both the proximity between the cylinders and their position with respect to the wall were examined through the values of drag, lift and pressure coefficients. The details of the flow fields in the near wake of the cylinders were also studied. The results were compared with experimental and numerical results reported in the literature, and with the case of a single cylinder near a wall. These results have been published in . In parallel, a specific test section for the team's Maveric test facility has been developed. It gives the possibility to accommodate wall mounted cylinder(s) that represent a scaled down version of real horizontal tanks. The objective here is to generate validation data. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements have been carried out during the 1-month stay of Mauro Grioni in Pau in September 2019.
Simulating the effects of explosions on liquid fuel storage tanks.
The fast release of energy in explosive processes produces intense shock waves (blast waves). The interaction of these waves with obstacles such as tanks can be extremely destructive. As a first step towards the full simulation of a blast wave with a tank, we have studied the capabilities of OpenFOAM to simulate a blast wave. The numerical results were compared in a cylindrical configuration with the analytical solution provided by the Sedov theory. A special attention has been paid to evaluate the influence of the reconstruction functions in the Euler flux (Kurganov scheme) on the numerical results. The predicted position and velocity of the generated shock wave as well as the pressure jump and its evolution behind the shock were in good agreement with their theoretical counterparts. These results have been published in .
The topic dealt with concerns acoustic computations in low Mach number flows with density based solvers. For ensuring a good resolution of the low Mach number base flow, a scheme able to deal with stationary low Mach number flows is necessary. Previously proposed low Mach number fixes have been tested with acoustic computations. Numerical results prove that they are not accurate for acoustic computations. The issues raised with acoustic computations with low Mach number fixes were studied and a new scheme has been developed, in order to be accurate not only for steady low Mach number flows, but also for acoustic computations. These results have been published in .
Our approach to model the wall/turbulence interaction, based on Elliptic Blending, was successfully applied to flows with standard thermal boundary conditions at the walls . However, Conjugate Heat Transfer, which couples fluid and solid domains, are particularly challenging for turbulence models. We have developed an innovative model, the Elliptic Blending Differential Flux Model, to account for the influence of various wall thermal boundary conditions on the turbulent heat flux and the temperature variance. An assessment of this new model in Conjugate Heat Transfer has been performed for several values of fluid-solid thermal diffusivity and conductivity ratios. A careful attention is paid to the discontinuity of the dissipation rate associated with the temperature variance at the fluid-solid interface. The analysis is supported by successful comparisons with Direct Numerical Simulations .
Eddy-viscosity turbulence models have been sensitized to the effects of buoyancy, in order to improve the prediction in natural convection flows. The approach extends in a linear way the constitutive relations for the Reynolds stress and the turbulent heat flux, in order to account for the anisotropic influence of buoyancy. The novelty of this work involves the buoyancy extension applied to two very different eddy-viscosity models, which leads to encouraging results for the highly challenging case of the differentially heated vertical channel , .
The HTLES (hybrid temporal LES) approach, developed by the team, has been improved by introducing shielding functions and an internal consistency constraint to enforce the RANS behavior in the near-wall regions . The influence of the underlying closure model was studied by applying HTLES to two RANS models: the k-
Jointly with Alireza Mazaheri (NASA Langley) and Chi Wang Shu, we have developed a compact WENO stabilization that moreover ensures the positivity of physical quantities. The work was published in .
EDF: "Advanced modelling of heat transfer for industrial configurations with or without accounting of the solid wall", contract associated to the PhD thesis of Gaëtan Mangeon
EDF: "Hybrid RANS/LES modelling for unsteady loadings in turbulent flows", contract associated to the PhD thesis of Vladimir Duffal
IFPEN: "3D simulation of non-reactive internal aerodynamics of spark-ignition engines using an hybrid RANS/LES method", contract associated to the PhD thesis of Hassan Al Afailal
PSA: ""Turbulence modelling in the mixed and natural convection regimes in the context of automotive applications", contract associated to the PhD thesis of Saad Jameel.
EDF (Cifre PhD grant): "Advanced modelling of heat transfer for industrial configurations with or without accounting of the solid wall", PhD student: Gaëtan Mangeon
EDF (Cifre PhD grant): "Hybrid RANS/LES modelling for unsteady loadings in turbulent flows", PhD student: Vladimir Duffal
IFPEN (PhD grant): "3D simulation of non-reactive internal aerodynamics of spark-ignition engines using an hybrid RANS/LES method", PhD sutdent: Hassan Al Afailal
PSA (Cifre PhD grant): "Turbulence modelling in the mixed and natural convection regimes in the context of automotive applications", PhD student: Saad Jameel.
Dassault Aviation (Cifre PhD grant): "Amélioration des modèles pour la turbulence. Applications à la prédiction des écoulements aérodynamiques.", PhD student: Gustave Sporschill.
SEIGLE means "Simulation Expérimentation pour l’Interaction de Gouttes Liquides avec un Ecoulement fortement compressible". It is a 3-year program which has started since October 2017 and was funded by Régional Nouvelle-Aquitaine, ISAE-ENSMA, CESTA and Inria. The interest of understanding aerodynamic mechanisms and liquid drops atomization is explained by the field of applications where they play a key role, specially in the new propulsion technologies through detonation in the aerospace as well as in the securities field. The SEIGLE project was articulated around a triptych experimentation, modeling and simulation. An experimental database will be constituted. It will rely on a newly installed facility (Pprime), similar to a supersonic gust wind tunnel/ hypersonic from a gaseous detonation tube at high pressure. This will allow to test modeling approaches (Pprime / CEA) and numerical simulation (Inria / CEA) with high order schemes for multiphasic compressible flows, suitable for processing shock waves in two-phase media.
HPC scalable ecosystem is a 3-year program funded by Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine (call 2018), Airbus, CEA-CESTA, University of Bordeaux, INRA, ISAE-ENSMA and Inria. A two-year post-doc will be hired in 2019 or 2020. The objective is to extend the prototype developed in to high order (discontinuous Galerkin) and non-reactive diffusive flows in 3d. The same basis will be developed in collaboration with Pprime for WENO based methods for reactive flows.
We are members of the CNRS GIS Success (Groupement d'Intérêt Scientifique) organised around two of the major CFD codes employed by the Safran group, namely AVBP and Yales2. This year, the evaluation of the capability of the compressible module of Yales2 has started.
The ambition of the MONACO_2025 project, coordinated by Rémi Manceau, is to join the efforts made in two different industrial sectors in order to tackle the industrial simulation of transient, turbulent flows affected by buoyancy effects. It brings together two academic partners, the project-team Cagire hosted by the university of Pau, and the institute Pprime of the CNRS/ENSMA/university of Poitiers (PPRIME), and R&D departments of two industrial partners, the PSA group and the EDF group, who are major players of the automobile and energy production sectors, respectively.
The main scientific objective of the project is to make a breakthrough in the unresolved issue of the modelling of turbulence/buoyancy interactions in transient situations, within the continuous hybrid RANS/LES paradigm, which consists in preserving a computational cost compatible with industrial needs by relying on statistical approaches where a fine-grained description of the turbulent dynamics is not necessary. The transient cavity flow experiments acquired during MONACO_2025 will provide the partners and the scientific community with an unrivalled source of knowledge of the physical mechanisms that must be accounted for in turbulence models.
The main industrial objective is to make available computational methodologies to address dimensioning, reliability and security issues in buoyancy-affected transient flows. It is to be emphasized that such problems are not tackled using CFD at present in the industry. At the end of MONACO_2025, a panel of methodologies, ranging from simple URANS to sophisticated hybrid model based on improved RANS models, will be evaluated in transient situations, against the dedicated cavity flow experiments and a real car underhood configuration. This final benchmark exercise will form a decision-making tool for the industrial partners, and will thus pave the way towards high-performance design of low-emission vehicles and highly secure power plants. In particular, the project is in line with the Full Digital 2025 ambition, e.g., the declared ambition of the PSA group to migrate, within the next decade, to a design cycle of new vehicles nearly entirely based on CAE (computer aided engineering), without recourse to expensive full-scale experiments.
Topic: MG-1.2-2015 - Enhancing resource efficiency of aviation
Project acronym: SOPRANO
Project title: Soot Processes and Radiation in Aeronautical inNOvative combustors
Duration: 01/09/2016 - 31/08/2020
Coordinator: SAFRAN
Other partners:
France: CNRS, CERFACS, INSA Rouen, SAFRAN SA, Snecma SAS, Turbomeca SA.
Germany: DLR, GE-DE Gmbh, KIT, MTU, RRD,
Italy: GE AVIO SRL, University of Florence
United Kingdom: Rolls Royce PLC, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medecine, Loughborough University.
Abstract: For decades, most of the aviation research activities have been focused on the reduction of noise and NOx and CO2 emissions. However, emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines of non-volatile PM, consisting primarily of soot particles, are of international concern today. Despite the lack of knowledge toward soot formation processes and characterization in terms of mass and size, engine manufacturers have now to deal with both gas and particles emissions. Furthermore, heat transfer understanding, that is also influenced by soot radiation, is an important matter for the improvement of the combustor’s durability, as the key point when dealing with low-emissions combustor architectures is to adjust the air flow split between the injection system and the combustor’s walls. The SOPRANO initiative consequently aims at providing new elements of knowledge, analysis and improved design tools, opening the way to: • Alternative designs of combustion systems for future aircrafts that will enter into service after 2025 capable of simultaneously reducing gaseous pollutants and particles, • Improved liner lifetime assessment methods. Therefore, the SOPRANO project will deliver more accurate experimental and numerical methodologies for predicting the soot emissions in academic or semi-technical combustion systems. This will contribute to enhance the comprehension of soot particles formation and their impact on heat transfer through radiation. In parallel, the durability of cooling liner materials, related to the walls air flow rate, will be addressed by heat transfer measurements and predictions. Finally, the expected contribution of SOPRANO is to apply these developments in order to determine the main promising concepts, in the framework of current low-NOx technologies, able to control the emitted soot particles in terms of mass and size over a large range of operating conditions without compromising combustor’s liner durability and performance toward NOx emissions.
In the SOPRANO project, our objective is to complement the experimental (ONERA) and LES (CERFACS) work by RANS computations of the flow around a multiperforated plate, in order to build a database making possible a parametric study of mass, momentum and heat transfer through the plate and the development of multi-parameter-dependent equivalent boundary conditions. Franck Mastrippolito, the post-doc recruited by mid-january 2019, performed simulations aimed at reproducing the experiment of ONERA Toulouse carried out in the same workpackage. The configuration is that of an effusion plate with a gyration angle of 90 degrees and the turbulence model is EBRSM. Franck presented his results in October 2019 during the ITR meeting in Florence (Italy).
Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Modelling, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Collaboration with Drs A. Beketaeva and A. Naïmanova for the RANS simulations of a supersonic jet in crossflow configuration for a wide range of pressure ratio (). This year, Pascal Bruel spent two weeks in Almaty in the framework of this partnership.
University of Evora, Evora, Portugal
Collaboration with Dr. P. Correia related this year to the partial rewriting of a Fortran code implementing a pressure-based approach for simulating low Mach flows as well as to the promotion of such a pressure-based approach (). This year, Pascal Bruel spent 5 days in Evora in the framework of this partnership.
University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
Collaboration with Prof. E. Dick related to the development and the promotion of a pressure-based approach for simulating low Mach and all-Mach flows. (, )
National University of Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina: ECOS-Sud A17A07 project
2019 was the second year of this project devoted to the simulations of the wind around aerial fuel tanks and related experiments. Pascal Bruel spent two weeks at UNC in the framework of this project.
Prof. Sergio Elaskar (2 weeks) and PhD student Mauro Grioni (1 month) from University of Córdoba (Argentina) visited the team in the framework of the A17A07 Ecos-Sud project.
Dr. Paulo Correia from University of Evora spent two weeks in the team in May 2019.
Mauricio Garcia Zulch from Chile spent 3 months in the team.
Organizer and scientific chair of the mini-symposium "Numerical method for multi-scale fluid problems" at ICIAM 2019 [JJ].
Visualization of Mechanical Processes [PB]
Advisory Board of International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow [RM]
Advisory Board of Flow, Turbulence and Combustion [RM]
During 2019, the team members reviewed papers for the following journals:
AIAA Journal [PB, RM]
Computer & Fluids [RM]
Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow [RM]
Journal of Computational Physics [JJ]
J. Hydr. Res. [RM]
Physics of Fluids [FM]
Phys. Rev. Fluids [RM]
SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing [VP]
Rémi Manceau co-organizes the activities of the Special Interest Group 15 (Turbulence modelling) of ERCOFTAC (European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion) as a member of the Steering Committee. The main activity of this group in 2019 was the organization of a workshop in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Rémi Manceau coordinates the ANR Project MONACO_2025, a 4-year project started in 2018. The partners are: the institute PPrime, PSA Group and EDF.
Evaluation of one Ecos Sud project [PB]
Co-responsible for the organisation of the LMAP seminar of Mathematics and their Applications [JJ].
Member of the LMAP council [JJ, PB].
Member of the IPRA research federation scientific council [RM].
Vincent Perrier is a member of the CUMI-R.
Vincent Perrier is a member of the CDT, in charge of the evaluation of software projects at the Inria Bordeaux center.
Vincent Perrier is an elected member of the Inria evaluation committee, and member of the board.
Vincent Perrier is a member of the CT3-Num committee of Pau University, in charge of managing the computing resources and projects at Pau University.
Licence : [JJ], Descriptive statistical, 24h, L1 - MIASHS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France.
Licence : [JJ], Scientific computing, 40.5h, L2 - Informatic, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France.
Licence : [JJ], Numerical analysis for vectorial problems, 33.75h, L2 - Mathematics, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France.
Master : [JJ], Data analysis, 68h25, M1 - GP, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France.
Master : [JJ], Tools for scientific computing, 48h75, M1 - MMS-MSID, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France.
Master : [JJ], Finite volume methods for hyperbolic systems, 15h, Master ANEDP, ENS, Casablanca, Maroc.
Master: [VP], Numerical analysis of PDE 1, Master MMS, Pau.
Master : “Turbulence modelling” (in English), 27h30, M2 - International Master program Turbulence, Université de Poitiers/Ecole centrale de Lille, France. [RM]
Eng. 3 : “Industrial codes for CFD” (in English), 12h30, 3rd year of engineering school (M2), ENSMA, Poitiers, France. [RM]
Eng. 3 : “Advanced physics–Turbulence modelling for CFD”, 16h, 3rd year of engineering school (M2), ENSGTI, France. [RM]
PhD in progress : Puneeth Bikkanahally Muni Reddy, "Modelling turbulent flows in natural convection regimes using hybrid RANS-LES approaches, UPPA, October 2018, Rémi Manceau.
PhD in progress : Gaëtan Mangeon, "Advanced modelling of heat transfer for industrial configurations with or without accounting of the solid wall", UPPA, February 2017, Rémi Manceau.
PhD in progress : Vladimir Duffal, "Hybrid RANS/LES modelling for unsteady loadings in turbulent flows", UPPA, November 2017, Rémi Manceau.
PhD in progress : Hassan Al Afailal: "3D simulation of non-reactive internal aerodynamics of spark-ignition engines using an hybrid RANS/LES method", September 2017, Rémi Manceau.
PhD in progress Saad Jameel : "Turbulence modelling in the mixed and natural convection regimes in the context of automotive applications", UPPA, February 2017, Rémi Manceau.
PhD in progress : Gustave Sporschill, "Amélioration des modèles pour la turbulence. Applications à la prédiction des écoulements aérodynamiques", UPPA, May 2018, Rémi Manceau.
The participation in the following thesis juries is noted ("referee" in a French doctoral thesis jury is more or less equivalent to an external opponent in an Anglo-Saxon like PhD jury):
Thomas Kaiser, "Impact of flow rotation on flame dynamics and hydrodynamic stability", University of Toulouse (France), 31 January 2019. Supervisor: T. Poinsot [PB, Referee].
Joao Rodrigo Andrade, "Spectral analysis of the turbulent energy cascade and the development of a novel nonlinear subgrid-scale model for large-eddy simulation", Universidade Federale de Uberlândia (Brazil) and University of Lille (France), 27 March 2019. Supervisors: A. S. Neto, G. Mompean and R.L. Thompson [RM, Referee]
Adithya Ramanathan Krishnan, "Explicit algebraic subfilter scale modeling for DES-like methods and extension to variable density flows", University of Aix-Marseille 3 April 2019. Supervisor: P. Sagaut [RM, Referee]
Benjamin Lorendeau, "Amélioration des performances via un parallélisme multi-niveaux sur un code CFD en maillages non structurés", University of Bordeaux (France), 16 December 2019. Supervisor: E. Jeannot [PB, Referee]