2023Activity reportProject-TeamCARDAMOM

2.1 Scientific context and challenges

The objective of CARDAMOM is to provide improved analysis and design tools for engineering applications involving fluid flows with moving fronts. In our applications a front is either an actual material interface, a boundary of the domain, or a well identified transition region in which the flow undergoes a change in its dominant macroscopic character. One example is the certification of wing de-anti icing systems, involving the predictions of ice formation and detachment, and of ice debris trajectories to evaluate the risk of downstream impact on aircraft components 98, 41. Another application, relevant for space reentry, is the study of transitional regimes in high altitude gas dynamics in which extremely thin layers appear in the flow which cannot be analysed with classical continuous models (Navier-Stokes equations) used by engineers 48, 71. A classical example relevant in coastal engineering is free surface flows. The free surface itself is a material interface, but we can identify also other fronts as e.g. the flooding line (wet/dry transition) or the transition between propagating and breaking waves, across which relevance of dissipation and vorticity changes dramatically 49. For wave energies, as well as for aquifers, the transition between free surface and congested flows (below a solid surface) is another example 62. Other similar examples exist in geophysics, astrophysics, aeronatic and aerospace engineering, civil engineering, energy engineering, material engineering, etc.

In all cases, computationally affordable, fast, and accurate numerical modelling is essential to allow reliable predictions in early stages of the design/analysis 101. Such computational models are also needed for simulations over very long times, especially if changes in many variable input parameters need to be investigated.

To achieve this goal one needs to have a physically relevant Partial Differential Equation (PDE) model, which can be treated numerically efficiently and accurately, which means possibly with some adaptive numerical technique allowing to mimimize the computational effort. To this end, the dynamics of some of the fronts can be modelled by appropriate asymptotic/homogeneised PDEs, while other interfaces are explicitly described. Even in the best of circumstances in all practical applications the reliability of the numerical predictions is limited by the intrinsic uncertainty on the operational conditions (e.g. boundary/initial conditions, geometry, etc.). To this aleatory uncertainty we must add the structural epistemic uncertainty related possibly to the use of approximate PDE models. Besides the limited validity of the derivation assumptions, these models are often calibrated/validated with experimental data which is itself subject to errors and post-processing procedures (filtering, averaging, etc ..) 57, 90. This is even worse in complex flows for which measurements are difficult or impossible to plan or perform due to the inherent exceptional character of the phenomenon (e.g. tsunami events), or technical issues and danger (e.g. high temperature reentry flows, or combustion), or impracticality due to the time scales involved (e.g. study of some new materials' micro-/meso- structure 58). So the challenge is to construct computationally affordable models robust under variability of input paramters due to uncertainties, certification/optimization, as well as coming from modelling choices.

To face this challenge and provide new tools to accurately and robustly modelize and certify engineering devices based on fluid flows with moving fronts, we propose a program mixing scientific research in asymptotic PDE analysis, high order adaptive PDE discretizations and uncertainty quantification.

2.2 Our approach and objectives

We propose a research program mixing asymptotic PDE analysis, high order adaptive discretizations, and uncertainty quantification. In a standard approach a certification study can be described as a modelling exercise involving two black boxes. The first box is the computational model itself, composed of: PDE system, mesh generation/adaptation, and discretization of the PDE (numerical scheme). The second box is the main robust certification loop which contains separate boxes involving the evaluation of the physical model, the post-processing of the output, and the exploration of the spaces of physical and stochastic parameters (uncertainties). Many interactions exist in this process. Exploiting these interactions could allow to tap as much as possible into the potential of high order methods 74 such as e.g. h-, p-, r- adaptation in the physical model w.r.t. some parametric quantity/sensitivity non necessarily associated to the solution's smoothness.

Our objective is to provide some fundamental advances allowing to bring closer to the operational level modern high order numerical techniques and multi-fidelity certification and optimization algorithms, possibly using some clever paradigm different from the 2-black box approaches above, and involving tight interactions between all the parts of the play: PDE modelling, numerical discretization techniques, uncertainty quantification methods, mesh generation/adaptation methods, physical model validation/calibration, etc. The initial composition of the team provided a unique combination of skills covering all the necessary topics allowing to explore such an avenue. The questions that need to be tackled can be organized in the following main axes/scientific questions:

1. Continuous modelling: how to obtain the PDE description most suited for a given application, and make sure that on one hand its structure embeds sufficiently the physics sudied, and on the other the system is in a form suitable for efficient numerical discretization ?
2. Higher order adaptive discretization: what are the relations between PDE model accuracy (e.g. asymptotic error), PDE constraints (e.g. entropy inequalities, particular steady states, etc) and the scheme consistency ? how to account for additional contraints in the scheme ?
3. Parameter uncertainty and robust modelling: how to properly account when build models on one hand for the variability of physical states defining a processs in realistic environments, and on the other of data possibly available for the proces in consideration ? is it possible to couple the sampling in the space of parameters with the approximation in physical space ?

These themes are discussed in the following sections together with some challenges specific to the engineering applications considered:

• Aeronautics and aerospace engineering (de-anti icing systems, space re-entry, complex materials);
• Coastal engineering (coastal protection, hazard assessment etc.);
• Energy engineering with a focus on wave energy conversion
• Large scale models on manifolds with a focus on geophysics and recent models from applications in astrophysics and relativity.

3.1 Continuous and discrete asymptotic modelling

In many of the applications we consider intermediate fidelity models can be derived using an asymptotic expansion for the relevant scale resolving PDEs, possibly combined with some form of homogeneization or averaging. The resulting systems of PDEs are often very complex. One of the main challenges is to characterize the underlying structure of such systems: possible conservation laws embedded; additional constraints related to consistency with particular physical states (exact solutions), or to stability (entropy/energy dissipation); etc. A question of paramount importance in practical applications is also the formulation of the boundary conditions. The understanding of these properties is necessary for any new model. Moreover, different forms of the PDE may be better suited to enforce some of these properties at the numerical level.

Another issue when working with asymptotic approximations is that of closure. Indeed, important physical phenomena may be unaccounted for either due to some initial modelling assumptions, or because they involve scales much smaller than those modelled. A typical example is wave breaking in some depth averaged models. Another, relevant for our work, is the appropriate prediction of heat fluxes in turbulent flows.

So our main activities on this axis can be classified according to three main questions:

• what is the structure of the PDE model (exact solutions, stability and algebraic or differential constraints embedded, boundary conditions) ?
• what is the form of the model better suited to reproduce numerically certain constraints ?
• how to embed and design closure laws for relevant phenomena not modelled by the main PDE ?

3.2 High order discretizations on moving adaptive meshes

The efficient and robust discretization of complex PDEs is a classical and widespread research subject. The notion of efficiency is in general related to the combination of high order of accuracy and of some adaptation strategy based on an appropriate model of the error 92, 100.

This strategy is of course also part of our work. However, we are convinced that a more effective path to obtain effective discretizations consists in exploiting the knowledge of the PDE structure, embedding as much as possible the PDE structure in the discrete equations. This is related to the notion of enhanced consistency that goes in the direction of what is today often referred to as constraint or property preserving discretizations. For the type of PDE systems of our interest, the properties which are of paramount importance to be controlled are for example: the balance between flux divergence and forcing terms (so called well balanced of C-property 44, 89) and the preservation of some specific steady states; the correct reproduction of the dispersion relation of the system, especially but not only for dispersive wave propagation; the preservation of some algebraic constraints, typically the non-negativity of some thermodynamic quantities; the respect of a discrete entropy/energy equality or inequality (for stability); the strong consistency with some asymptotic limit of the PDE (AP property); etc.

A fundamental issue is the efficient and accurate treatment of boundary and interface conditions. The idea is to have some approach which tolerates the use of non-conformal meshes, which is genuinely high order, and compatible with adaptation, and of course conformal meshing of the boundary/discontinuity. Techniques allowing the control of the geometrical error due to non-conformity is required. For discontinuities, this also requires an ad-hoc treatment of the jump condition. For wall boundaries, initial work using penalization has been done in CARDAMOM in the past 38, 82. On Cartesian meshes several techniques exist to control the consistency order based on extrapolation/interpolation, or adaptive methods (cf e.g. 93, 79, 39, 55, 64, 99 and references therein). For discontinuities, we can learn from fitting techniques 45, and from some past work by Prof. Glimm and co-workers 54.

For efficiency, mesh adaptation plays a major role. Mesh size adaptation based on both deformation, r-adaptation, or remeshing h-adaptation, can be designed based on some error model representative. For unsteady flows, the capability to use moving meshes becomes necessary, and geometrical conservation (GCL) needs to be added to the list of constraints to be accounted for 94, 75. In particular, one technique that provides meshes with optimal quality moving together with the unsteady flows, reduction of errors due to convective terms, GCL respected up to machine precision, and high order of accuracy, is offered by the Direct Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) methods on moving Voronoi meshes with topology changes 66, 65 that will be further investigated.

3.3 Applications in physics and engineering

As already mentioned, our focus is on four main classes of problems:

• Aeronautics and aerospace engineering (de-anti icing systems, space re-entry, complex materials)
• Coastal engineering (coastal protection, hazard assessment etc.)
• Energy engineering with a focus on wave energy conversion
• Large scale models on manifolds with a focus on geophysics and recent models from applications in astrophysics and relativity.

There are several common aspects. One is the use of asymptotic vertically averaged approximations to produce efficient application-Taylored PDE models. Another common point is the construction of possibly high order constraint/property preserving numerical approximations. This entails the characterization of the underlying PDE models with a set of embedded properties, which go from classical conservation, to exact solutions (steady or moving), to the preservation of differential operators, to the thermodynamic adissibility (non-negativity, preservation of physical bounds). For all applications, the investigation of the parameter dependence of the results will take several forms from sensitivity analyses, to classical parametric studies to understand physical processes, to approximation in parameter space in the framework of hybrid PDE-meta-/reduced-order models.

4.1 De-anti icing systems

Impact of large ice debris on downstream aerodynamic surfaces and ingestion by aft mounted engines must be considered during the aircraft certification process. It is typically the result of ice accumulation on unprotected surfaces, ice accretions downstream of ice protected areas, or ice growth on surfaces due to delayed activation of ice protection systems (IPS) or IPS failure. This raises the need for accurate ice trajectory simulation tools to support pre-design, design and certification phases while improving cost efficiency. Present ice trajectory simulation tools have limited capabilities due to the lack of appropriate experimental aerodynamic force and moment data for ice fragments and the large number of variables that can affect the trajectories of ice particles in the aircraft flow field like the shape, size, mass, initial velocity, shedding location, etc... There are generally two types of model used to track shed ice pieces. The first type of model makes the assumption that ice pieces do not significantly affect the flow. The second type of model intends to take into account ice pieces interacting with the flow. We are concerned with the second type of models, involving fully coupled time-accurate aerodynamic and flight mechanics simulations, and thus requiring the use of high efficiency adaptive tools, and possibly tools allowing to easily track moving objects in the flow. We will in particular pursue and enhance our initial work based on adaptive immerse boundary capturing of moving ice debris, whose movements are computed using basic mechanical laws.

In 42 it has been proposed to model ice shedding trajectories by an innovative paradigm that is based on CArtesian grids, PEnalization and LEvel Sets (LESCAPE code). Our objective is to use the potential of high order unstructured mesh adaptation and immersed boundary techniques to provide a geometrically flexible extension of this idea. These activities will be linked to the development of efficient mesh adaptation and time stepping techniques for time dependent flows, and their coupling with the immersed boundary methods we started developing in the FP7 EU project STORM 38, 82. In these methods we compensate for the error at solid walls introduced by the penalization by using anisotropic mesh adaptation 60, 76, 77. From the numerical point of view one of the major challenges is to guarantee efficiency and accuracy of the time stepping in presence of highly stretched adaptive and moving meshes. Semi-implicit, locally implicit, multi-level, and split discretizations will be explored to this end.

Besides the numerical aspects, we will deal with modelling challenges. One source of complexity is the initial conditions which are essential to compute ice shedding trajectories. It is thus extremely important to understand the mechanisms of ice release. With the development of next generations of engines and aircraft, there is a crucial need to better assess and predict icing aspects early in design phases and identify breakthrough technologies for ice protection systems compatible with future architectures. When a thermal ice protection system is activated, it melts a part of the ice in contact with the surface, creating a liquid water film and therefore lowering ability of the ice block to adhere to the surface. The aerodynamic forces are then able to detach the ice block from the surface 43. In order to assess the performance of such a system, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which the aerodynamic forces manage to detach the ice. The current state of the art in icing codes is an empirical criterion. However such an empirical criterion is unsatisfactory. Following the early work of 47, 41 we will develop appropriate asymptotic PDE approximations to describe the water runoff on the wing surface, also accounting for phase change, thus allowing to describe the ice formation and possibly rupture and detachment. These models will constitute closures for aerodynamics/RANS and URANS simulations in the form of PDE wall models, or modified boundary conditions.

In addition to this, several sources of uncertainties are associated to the ice geometry, size, orientation and the shedding location. In very few papers 85, some sensitivity analysis based on Monte Carlo method have been conducted to take into account the uncertainties of the initial conditions and the chaotic nature of the ice particle motion. We aim to propose some systematic approach to handle every source of uncertainty in an efficient way relying on some state-of-art techniques developed in the Team. In particular, we will perform an uncertainty propagation of some uncertainties on the initial conditions (position, orientation, velocity,...) through a low-fidelity model in order to get statistics of a multitude of particle tracks. This study will be done in collaboration with ETS (Ecole de Technologies Supérieure, Canada). The longterm objective is to produce footprint maps and to analyse the sensitivity of the models developed.

4.2 Modeling of wave energy converters

Wave energy conversion is an emerging sector in energy engineering. The design of new and efficient Wave Energy Converters (WECs) is thus a crucial activity. As pointed out by Weber 101, it is more economical to raise the technology performance level (TPL) of a wave energy converter concept at low technology readiness level (TRL). Such a development path puts a greater demand on the numerical methods used.

Our previous work 6246 has shown the potential of depth-averaged models for simulating wave energy devices. The approach followed so far relies on an explicit coupling of the different domains involving the flow under the structure and the free surface region. This approach has the advantage to need efficient solvers of well-known system of equations (compressible and incompressible flow). However, the transmission condition between this two regimes is now always well understood, depending on the underlying PDE models. Moreover, several sources of numerical instabilities exist because of the different nature of the regions involved (compressible/incompressible). A different approach is proposed in 70, 69, and will be pursued in the comping years. The idea is to solve a unique model in the whole computational domain, with the effect of the structure being accounted for by means of an appropriate pressure variable playing the role of a Lagrange multiplier. Out numerical developments will be performed withing the parallel platform GeoFun, based on the Aerosol library. In order to simulate the dynamic of the floating structures, we will consider the coupling with the open source code tChrono1, an external code specialized in the resolution of the rigid body dynamics. The coupling is still under development. In parallel, we will add closure for other complex physical effects as e.g. the modeling of air pocket trapped under the structures. Several industrial processes (SeaTurns, Hace...) are based on chamber compressing air inside by the movement of the water surface. This strategy has the advantage of taking the turbines for energy production out of the water. The strategy is based on a polytropic modeling of the gas dynamics taking into account merging and splitting of the pockets, without a major impact on the efficiency of the simulation (robustness and numerical cost). This works benefits of the associated team LARME with RISE (C. Eskilson).

4.3 Materials engineering

Because of their high strength and low weight, ceramic-matrix composite materials (CMCs) are the focus of active research for aerospace and energy applications involving high temperatures, either military or civil. Self-healing (SH) CMCs are composed of a complex three-dimensional topology of woven fabrics containing fibre bundles immersed in a matrix coating of different phases. The oxide seal protects the fibres which are sensitive to oxidation, thus delaying failure. The obtained lifetimes reach hundreds of thousands of hours 88.

The behaviour of a fibre bundle is actually extremely variable, as the oxidation reactions generating the self-healing mechanism have kinetics strongly dependent on temperature and composition. In particular, the lifetime of SH-CMCs depends on: (i) temperature and composition of the surrounding atmosphere; (ii) composition and topology of the matrix layers; (iii) the competition of the multidimensional diffusion/oxidation/volatilization processes; (iv) the multidimensional flow of the oxide in the crack; (v) the inner topology of fibre bundles; (vi) the distribution of critical defects in the fibres. Unfortunately, experimental investigations on the full materials are too long (they can last years) and their output too qualitative (the coupled effects can only be observed a-posteriori on a broken sample). Modelling is thus essential to study and to design SH-CMCs.

In collaboration wit the LCTS laboratory (a joint CNRS-CEA-SAFRAN-Bordeaux University lab devoted to the study of thermo-structural materials in Bordeaux), we are developing a multi-scale model in which a structural mechanics solver is coupled with a closure model for the crack physico chemistry. This model is obtained as a multi-dimensional asymptotic crack averaged approximation fo the transport equations (Fick's laws) with chemical reactions sources, plus a potential model for the flow of oxide 58, 61, 86. We have demonstrated the potential of this model in showing the importance of taking into account the multi-dimensional topology of a fibre bundle (distribution of fibres) in the rupture mechanism. This means that the 0-dimensional model used in most of the studies (see e.g. 56) will underestimate appreciably the lifetime of the material. Based on these recent advances, we will further pursue the development of multi-scale multi-dimensional asymptotic closure models for the parametric design of self healing CMCs. Our objectives are to provide: (i) new, non-linear multi-dimensional mathematical model of CMCs, in which the physico-chemistry of the self-healing process is more strongly coupled to the two-phase (liquid gas) hydro-dynamics of the healing oxide ; (ii) a model to represent and couple crack networks ; (iii) a robust and efficient coupling with the structural mechanics code ; (iv) validate this platform with experimental data obtained at the LCTS laboratory. The final objective is to set up a multi-scale platform for the robust prediction of lifetime of SH-CMCs, which will be a helpful tool for the tailoring of the next generation of these materials.

4.4 Coastal and civil engineering

Our objective is to bridge the gap between the development of high order adaptive methods, which has mainly been performed in the industrial context and environmental applications, with particular attention to coastal and hydraulic engineering. We want to provide tools for adaptive non-linear modelling at large and intermediate scales (near shore, estuarine and river hydrodynamics). We will develop multi-scale adaptive models for free surface hydrodynamics. Beside the models and codes themselves, based on the most advanced numerics we will develop during this project, we want to provide sufficient know how to control, adapt and optimize these tools.

We will focus our effort in the understanding of the interactions between asymptotic approximation and numerical approximation. This is extremely important in several ways. An example is the capability of a numerical model to handle highly dispersive wave propagation. This is usually done by high accuracy asymptotic PDE expansions of by means of multilayer models. In the first case, there is an issue with the constraints on the numerical approximation. Investigations of approriated error models for adaptivity in the horizontal may permit to alleviate some of these constraints, allowing a reasonable use of lower order discretizations. Concerning multi-layer models, we plan can use results concerning the relations between vertical asymptotic expansions and truncation/approximation error to improve the models by some adaptive approach.

Another important aspect which is not understood well enough at the moment is the role of dissipation in the evolution of the free surface dynamics, and of course in wave breaking regions. There are several examples of breaking closure, going from algebraic and PDE-based eddy viscosity methods 73, 91, 84, 59, to hybrid methods coupling dispersive PDEs with hyperbolic ones, and trying to mimic wave breaking with travelling bores 97, 96, 95, 72, 63. In both cases, numerical dissipation plays an important role and the activation or not of the breaking closure, as well as on the establishement of stationary travelling profiles, or on the appearance of solitary waves. These aspects are related to the notion of numnerical dissipation, and to its impact on the resulting numerical solutions. These elements must be clarified to allow full control of adaptive techniques for the models used in this type of applications.

A fundamental issue that needs to be adressed is the proper discrete formulation of the boundary conditions for dispersive wave approximations. These conditions play of course a critical role in applications and remain an open problem for most Boussinesq models.

4.5 Geophysics and astrophysics

This is work is related to large scale simulations requiring the solution of PDEs on manifolds. Examples are tsunami simulations, as those performed in the past in the TANDEM project, as well as some applications considered in the ANR LAGOON for climate change. The MSCA project SuPerMan proposes applciations in astrophysics which also involve similar issues. The idea is to consider both coordinate changes related to mesh movement, and in ALE formulations, as well as genuinely space-time manifolds as in hyperbolic reformulations of relativity 67, and combinations of both when for example considered mesh movement and adaptation in curvilinear coordinates 40. Challenges are related to the appropriate PDE formulation, and the respect of continuous constraints at the discrete level.

The objective here is to devise the most appropriate manifold representation, and formulate the PDE system in the appropriate way allowing to embed as many continuous constraints as possible (well balancing, energy conservation, positivity preservation, etc). Embedding the ALE mapping will be necessary to envisage adaptive strategies, improving on 40 and 68.

Geophysical applications are of interest for BRGM, while the more exploratory application to general relativity of the MSCA project SuPerMan will push the numerical discretizations to their limit, due to the great complexity of the model, and allow new collaborations in the domain of astrophysics, as e.g. with Max Planck institute.

5.1 Carreer enhancements

• Héloïse Beaugendre has been promoted to a professor’s position.

5.2 Awards won in 2023

• Elena Gaburro has been granted the Peter Lax Award, bestowed by the HYP conference as best young researcher (10 years from the PHD) in the community of hyperbolic PDEs research.

5.3 Grants obtained in 2023

• ERC StG 2023 ALcHyMia (PI Elena Gaburro). Funding: 1.500.000 euros. Starting in April 2024. Title: "Advanced Structure Preserving Lagrangian schemes for novel first order Hyperbolic Models: towards General Relativistic Astrophysics"
• ANR JCJC 2023 ImprEVu (PI Elena Gaburro). Funding: around 240.000 euros. (Declined due to incompatibility with the ERC).
• EU Horizon- MSCA-2022-DN: Resilient Solutions for Coastal, Urban, Estuarine and Riverine Environments. Starting in February 2024. contact: M. Kazolea.
• IMPT projets. N. Barral and M. Parisot have been awarded funds by IMPT for their respective projects on sea ice simulation on adaptive meshes, and simulation of aquifers.
• Partnership with AIRBUS: a new collaboration with AIRBUS has started around curved mesh adaptation and high order boundary conditions. The colalboration is sealed by joint participation to a DGAC project, plus the funding of a CIFRE PhD.

5.4 International events held in 2023

• NumHyp23, Bordeaux, July 2023. International conference with around 70 participants from Europe, USA and China. Co-organizers: Martin Parisot and Mario Ricchiuto.
• Bwaves23, Bordeaux May 30th/June 1st 2023. The workshop has hosted about 60 participants among which the leading personalities in coastal engineering and free surface hydrodynamics.
• HONOM 2024: the team is in charge of the organization of the next edition of HONOM which will be hald in Crete, Greece in September 2024. Among the organizers we have: Elena Gaburro (chair of the organizing committee), Maria Kazolea (co-chair) and Mario Ricchiuto.

6.1 New software

7.1 Structure preserving numerical methods for evolutionary PDEs

Participants: Rémi Abgrall, Elena Gaburro, Mario Ricchiuto, Vincent Pilorget.

• Corresponding member: Mario Ricchiuto

7.2 Modelling of free surface flows

Participants: Maria Kazolea, Martin Parisot, Mario Ricchiuto.

• Corresponding member: Maria Kazolea

Coupling dispersive and non-dispersive models. To study the coupling of Boussinesq-type equations with Saint-Venant equations a domain-decomposition approach was explored for linear/nonlinear and overlapping/nonoverlapping conditions. In the linear case only the overlapping condition would generate different results. When applied to the nonlinear equations though, it was observed that a different pattern of oscillations would appear at the interfaces, and that sometimes the numerical stability could be improved 37. The numerical stability of the linearized discretization was also examined. From the linear nonoverlapping case the optimal convergence operators, in the iterative domain decomposition method used, were given by the theory of absorbing operators. This allowed a reformulation of the problem that allows to describe the artifacts introduced by the coupling strategy as reflections emanating from the interface. An accurate description of these was obtained, allowing to accurately asses the quality of the observed results. This is an ongoing work.

Dispersive waves with/without porous media. This year, our work for a conservative form of the extended Boussinesq equations for waves in porous media were publiced in the Ocean engineering journal 19. This model can be used in both porous and non-porous media since it does not requires any boundary condition at the interface between the porous and non-porous media. A hybrid Finite Volume/Finite Difference (FV/FD) scheme has been coded in order to solve the conservative form of the extended Boussinesq equations for waves in porous media. For the hyperbolic part of the governing equations, the FV formulation is applied with Riemann solver of Roe approximation. Whereas, the dispersive and porosity terms are discretized by using the FD. The model is validated with experimental data for solitary waves interacting with porous structures and a porous dam break in a one-dimensional flow. The limitation of this scheme is that is not well-balanced when topography is present. Currently we are working on a well balanced numerical scheme for the model with out the dispersive terms and with the precence of topography. The scheme is based on the global flux approach. Furthermore we are working on the implementationof of a well balanched numerical scheme for a shallow water the two layer model with the presence of porocity and topography.

At the same time we went back to fundamental question of whether full nonilearity in weakly dispersive Boussinesq type models is a necessity 12. We reconsider the tests first used in the literature to address this issue, as well as a number of more demanding issues. We also consider different families of weakly nonlinear BT models, with different shoaling characteristics, especially when nonlinear waves are involved. Our study allows us to point out that for many cases, it is quite hard to conclude whether full nonlinearity is really necessary. There are a few discriminant cases, which are unfortunately not those mostly used in the literature proposing new models or new numerical methods.

Hyperbolic-elliptic spliting. Our work on the use of the splitting between hyperbolic and elliptic steps published in journal of Ocean modelling 11. In this paper we use a high order FV method to solve the hyperbolic step, and a standard P1 finite element method for the elliptic system associated to the dispersive correction. We study the impact of the reconstruction used in the hyperbolic phase; the representation of the FV data in the FE method used in the elliptic phase and their impact on the theoretical accuracy of the method; the well-posedness of the overall method. For the first element we proposed a systematic implementation of an iterative reconstruction providing on arbitrary meshes up to third order solutions, full second order first derivatives, as well as a consistent approximation of the second derivatives. These properties are exploited to improve the assembly of the elliptic solver, showing dramatic improvement of the finale accuracy, if the FV representation is correctly accounted for. Concerning the elliptic step, the original problem is usually better suited for an approximation in H(div) spaces. However, it has been shown that perturbed problems involving similar operators with a small Laplace perturbation are well behaved in H1 provided that some numerical dissipation is embedded in the overall discretization. In our case, the use of upwind numerical fluxes in the hyperbolic step suffices to this end, allowing to not only obtain convergent results, but also provide the expected convergence rates.

Last but not least we focused on the numerical modelling of water waves by means of depth averaged models. We considered in particular PDE systems which consist in a nonlinear hyperbolic model plus a linear dispersive perturbation involving an elliptic operator. We proposed two strategies to construct reduced order models for these problems, with the main focus being the control of the overhead related to the inversion of the elliptic operators, as well as the robustness with respect to variations of the flow parameters. In a first approach, only a linear reduction strategies is applied only to the elliptic component, while the computations of the nonlinear fluxes are still performed explicitly. This hybrid approach, referred to as pdROM, is compared to a hyper-reduction strategy based on the empirical interpolation method to reduce also the nonlinear fluxes. We evaluated the two approaches on a variety of benchmarks involving a generalized variant of the BBM-KdV model with a variable bottom, and a one-dimensional enhanced weakly dispersive shallow water system. The results show the potential of both approaches in terms of cost reduction, with a clear advantage for the pdROM in terms of robustness, and for the EIMROM in terms of cost reduction. This work has been published in Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 18.

7.3 Modelling of icing and de-icing of aircrafts

Participants: Héloïse Beaugendre.

• Corresponding member: Héloïse Beaugendre

In-flight icing is a major source of incidents and accidents. The effects of atmospheric icing can be anticipated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Experimental and numerical fluid dynamics studies highlight a change of flow structure in the presence of surface roughness. The changes involve both wall heat transfer and skin friction, and are mainly restricted to the inner region of the boundary layer. Aircraft in-flight icing is a typical application where rough surfaces play an important role in the airflow structure and the subsequent ice growth. The objective of this work 10 is to investigate how surface roughness is tackled in RANS with wall resolved boundary layers for aeronautics applications, with a focus on ice-induced roughness. The literature review shows that semi-empirical correlations were calibrated on experimental data to model flow changes in the presence of roughness. The correlations for RANS do not explicitly resolve the individual roughness. They principally involve turbulence model modifications to account for changes in the velocity and temperature profiles in the near-wall region. The equivalent sand grain roughness (ESGR) approach emerges as a popular metric to characterize roughness and is employed as a length scale for the RANS model. For in-flight icing, correlations were developed, accounting for both surface geometry and atmospheric conditions. Despite these research efforts, uncertainties are present in some specific conditions, where space and time roughness variations make the simulations difficult to calibrate. Research that addresses this gap could help improve ice accretion predictions.

CFD is a primary tool used to assess the in-flight effects of atmospheric icing on aircraft. In-flight ice accretion codes use CFD computed quantities, such as shear stress and heat transfer, to predict ice shape formation over rough surfaces. The equivalent sandgrain roughness approach is the model commonly used in icing codes for the prediction of skin friction and heat fluxes over iced surfaces. Additional turbulent Prandtl number corrections can be added to the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations turbulence model to refine the heat transfer. Still, uncertainties persist in identifying the roughness parameters to input into the thermal correction, leaving the characterization of rough surfaces incomplete in terms of research. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) could help quantify the impact of surface roughness parameters on the reliability of ice accretion prediction. This chapter 27 develops a methodology for the estimation of roughness input parameters based on the observation of experimental ice accretion. Metamodeling involving Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) and calibration with a Bayesian inversion are employed. The methodology is applied to a NACA0012 airfoil, yielding a glaze ice cross-sectional area and maximum thickness with less than a 6% error from experiments. The approach opens perspectives for the estimation of appropriate case-dependent roughness parameters for RANS-based ice shape predictions.

7.4 High order embedded and immersed boundary methods

Participants: Héloïse Beaugendre, Tiffanie Carlier, Benjamin Constant, Elena Gaburro, Florent Nauleau, Mario Ricchiuto.

• Corresponding member: Héloïse Beaugendre

We have continued exploring new ideas allowing to improve the accuracy of immersed and embedded boundary methods, both on a fundamental level and in applications.

Shifted boundary method, extensions and developments. We have proposed several applications and extensions of the original ideas behind the shifted boundary method of 78. This method is based on the simple idea that when applying the boundary conditions on a modified boundary we can modify the imposed conditions to account for this offset by means of a Taylor series expantion truncated to the desired accuracy. First of all, we extended the enriched formulation proposed in 83 to the approxiamtion of parabolic problems with moving interfaces, modeling phase change. In the PhD of T. Carlier 5, 22, 21 we present an extension of the shifted boundary method to simulate partial differential equations with moving internal interfaces. The objective is to apply the method to phase change problems modelled by the Stefan equation which is a parabolic heat equation with a discontinuity separating two phases, moving at a speed given by the normal flux jump. To obtain an accurate prediction of the temperature field on both sides of the discontinuity, and of the position of the discontinuity itself, we propose a variant of the shifted boundary method adapted to problems with moving fronts. This method is based on an enriched mixed form proposed by some of the present authors, which preserves a uniform second order accuracy in space and time. Stabilization terms are added on the whole domain to ensure convergence. Our approach 5 correctly predicts the position of the front when simulating the melting of a semi-infinite ice block. Note that the enrichment procedure is mandatory to obtain the willing second order accuracy, which justify the proposed mixed formulation.

Actually, we perform a stability analysis of the dimensionless Stefan model with a 2D motion of the phase front. Results on the numerical scheme will show the ability of the Shifted Boundary Method to handle perturbations at the interface and will show the character stable of the model. This ongoing work has been presented at CFC 2023 22 and ENUMATH 2023 21 and a paper is in preparation..

We have worked on extending the use of the same idea to higher orders. In this case the evaluation of the entire Taylor expansion in each boundary quadrature point is quite expensive. On the other hand, when using local data to evaluate the Taylor series this procedure can be readily shown to be simply a local change in polynomial basis. This has allowed to re-write the method via a simple but effective high order polynomial correction based on the polynomial representation already available in the cell. This approach has been thoroughly tested for hyperbolic problems in 2D and 3D in 7. Its in depth study for elliptic problems is ongoing in collaboration with DTU compute and Duke University.

At the same time, we have tried to reformulate the problem based on a continuous view of the scheme. Using the anisotropy of the thin region between the under-resolved and physical boundaries we have been able to derive a sub-grid asymptotic approaximation whose trace on the surrogate boundary is precisely the condition used in the shifted boundary method. This allows to design several boundary conditions within any desired order of accuracy. This work is perfomed in collaboration with L. Nouveau (INSA Rennes), and C. Poignard (Inria, MONC).

Immersed boundaries for turbulent flows. Realistic applications to external aerodynamics are being pursued in collaboration with ONERA and CEA-Cesta. Within the PhD of Benjamin Constant (ONERA) we have proposed an improved Immersed Boundary Method based on volume penalization for turbulent flow simulations on Cartesian grids. The proposed approach enables to remove spurious oscillations on the wall on skin pressure and friction coefficients. Results are compared to a body-fitted simulations using the same wall function, showing that the stair-step immersed boundary provides a smooth solution compared to the body-fitted one. The IBM has been modified to adapt the location of forced and forcing points involved in the immersed boundary reconstruction to the Reynolds number. New adaptive methods are investigated for the near-field reconstruction of aerodynamic forces in an immersed boundary context. The proposed developments take place during the pre- and postprocessing stages of the simulation workflow, and aim at increasing the accuracy of the approach for steady-state simulations of high Reynolds number turbulent flows around airfoil geometries in high-lift configurations. To this end, the location of the forcing points is further optimized prior to simulation, with an adaptive and local modeling height that accounts for the evolution of the turbulent boundary layer thickness, especially at the leading edge. In addition to that, the direct extrapolation of the pressure solution at the wall is replaced by first- and second-order reconstructions using the normal pressure gradients interpolated at a new set of image points, located further away from the modeled area. This second approach takes place after the simulation and prevents the degradation of the wall pressure in the presence of strong curvatures or thin boundary layers. The latest developments have been validated through the simulation of subsonic turbulent flows around the NACA0012 profile and 2D multi-element airfoil (2DMEA), facing flow incidences of ten and sixteen degrees respectively. Smooth and accurate skin pressure and friction coeficients are observed, in excellent agreement with body fitted wall-resolved solutions. Better drag and lift coefficients calculated by direct near-field integrations are also obtained, as well as accurate predictions of the near-wall ow physics throughout the turbulent boundary layer. The paper relating this work has been submitted.

This work continues with the thesis of Michele Romanelli. In 16, Michele presents a data-based methodology to build Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) wall models for aerodynamic simulations at low Mach numbers. Like classical approaches, the model is based on nondimensional local quantities derived from the wall friction velocity, the wall viscosity, and the wall density. A fully-connected neural network approximates the relation. We consider reference data (obtained with RANS simulations based on fine meshes up to the wall) of attached turbulent flows at various Reynolds numbers over different geometries of bumps, covering a range of wall pressure gradients. After training the neural networks on a subset of the reference data, the paper assesses their ability to accurately recover data for unseen conditions on meshes that have been trimmed from the wall up to an interface height where the learned wall law is applied. The network’s interpolation and extrapolation capabilities are quantified and carefully examined. Overall, when tested within its interpolation and extrapolation capabilities, the neural network model shows good robustness and accuracy. The global error on the skin friction coefficient is a few percent and behaves consistently over all the considered test cases.

Florent Nauleau doctoral work aims at adapting the immersed boundary conditions (IBC) technique to three-dimensional (3D) large eddy simulations (LES) of viscous hypersonic flows around complex vehicles. The work relies on a pre-existing in-house IBC code, HYPERION (HYPERsonic vehicle design using Immersed bOuNdaries). The boundary conditions are imposed using a high-order reconstruction algorithm based on HYPERION least squares. The condition number of this algorithm is related to the number of neighbors. In 3D configurations, we find that the number of neighbors must be high to ensure proper conditioning of the least squares matrix. Therefore, we successfully introduce an algorithm designed for a hybrid MPI/OpenMP environment based on migratory tasks to solve communication problems. In CFC 2023 conference 25, we discuss the implementation of LES capabilities in HYPERION. LES requires high-order schemes to limit numerical diffusion. However, considering reentry problems, HYPERION solvers should also be able to handle strongly shocked flows and high Reynolds number. Therefore, an important step in this work is to study the feasibility of embedding wall models in the IBC framework and reconstruction algorithm to try and counteract the low accuracy of the near-wall phenomena caused by the lack of body-fitted mesh.

Another aspect of the work of Florent Nauleau concerns scientific visualisation. This application paper 81 presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the suitability of Topological Data Analysis (TDA) for the quantitative comparison of turbulent flows. Specifically, our study documents the usage of the persistence diagram of the maxima of flow enstrophy (an established vorticity indicator), for the topological representation of 180 ensemble members, generated by a coarse sampling of the parameter space of five numerical solvers. We document five main hypotheses reported by domain experts, describing their expectations regarding the variability of the flows generated by the distinct solver configurations. We contribute three evaluation protocols to assess the validation of the above hypotheses by two comparison measures: (i) a standard distance used in scientific imaging (the L2 norm) and (ii) an established topological distance between persistence diagrams (the L2 -Wasserstein metric). Extensive experiments on the input ensemble demonstrate the superiority of the topological distance (ii) to report as close to each other flows which are expected to be similar by domain experts, due to the configuration of their vortices. Overall, the insights reported by our study bring an experimental evidence of the suitability of TDA for representing and comparing turbulent flows, thereby providing to the fluid dynamics community confidence for its usage in future work. Also, our flow data and evaluation protocols provide to the TDA community an application-approved benchmark for the evaluation and design of further topological distances.

7.5 Adaptation techniques

Participants: Nicolas Barral, Héloïse Beaugendre, Sourabh Bhat, Luca Cirrottola, Pierre Clouzet, Mario Ricchiuto, Ishak Tifouti.

• Corresponding member: Nicolas Barral

Mesh adpatation for sea ice modelling.Brieuc Praud 's internship was dedicated to exploring the integration of MMG in neXtSIM, a sea ice dynamics model written by geophysicists in Grenoble and Norway. The model uses a Lagrangian paradigm, which requires frequent remeshing to preserve the quality of the mesh. We have developped a prototype of replacement of old library BAMG by MMG, and explored a simple ad hoc approach for the parallelisation of the remeshing step.

Goal oriented mesh adaptation. The work on goal-oriented mesh adaptation techniques for geophysical flows has continued, in the context of the collaboration with Imperial College London.

To examine the accuracy and sensitivity of tidal array performance assessment by numerical techniques applying goal-oriented mesh adaptation. The goal-oriented framework is designed to give rise to adaptive meshes upon which a given diagnostic quantity of interest (QoI) can be accurately captured, whilst maintaining a low overall computational cost. We seek to improve the accuracy of the discontinuous Galerkin method applied to a depth-averaged shallow water model of a tidal energy farm, where turbines are represented using a drag parametrisation and the energy output is specified as the QoI. Two goal-oriented adaptation strategies are considered, which give rise to meshes with isotropic and anisotropic elements. We present both fixed mesh and goal-oriented adaptive mesh simulations for an established test case involving an idealised tidal turbine array positioned in a channel. With both the fixed meshes and the goal-oriented methodologies, we reproduce results from the literature which demonstrate how a staggered array configuration extracts more energy than an aligned array. We also make detailed qualitative and quantitative comparisons between the fixed mesh and adaptive outputs. The proposed goal-oriented mesh adaptation strategies are validated for the purposes of tidal energy resource assessment. Using only a tenth of the number of degrees of freedom as a high-resolution fixed mesh benchmark and lower overall runtime, they are shown to enable energy output differences smaller than 2

Coupling mesh adaptation with model reduction. We propose an automated nonlinear model reduction and mesh adaptation framework for rapid and reliable solution of parameterized advection-dominated problems, with emphasis on compressible flows. The key features of our approach are threefold: (i) a metric-based mesh adaptation technique to generate an accurate mesh for a range of parameters, (ii) a general (i.e., independent of the underlying equations) registration procedure for the computation of a mapping Φ that tracks moving features of the solution field, and (iii) an hyper-reduced least-square Petrov-Galerkin reduced-order model for the rapid and reliable estimation of the mapped solution. We discuss a general paradigm — which mimics the refinement loop considered in mesh adaptation — to simultaneously construct the high-fidelity and the reduced-order approximations, and we discuss actionable strategies to accelerate the offline phase. We present extensive numerical investigations for a quasi-1D nozzle problem and for a two-dimensional inviscid flow past a Gaussian bump to display the many features of the methodology and to assess the performance for problems with discontinuous solutions.

7.6 Direct Arbitrary-Lagrangian Eulerian methods on Voronoi meshes

Participants: Elena Gaburro, Mario Ricchiuto.

• Corresponding member: Elena Gaburro

We have continued with the development of the code called AleVoronoi: Direct Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian high order finite volume and discontinous Galerkin schemes on VORONOI moving meshes with topology changes. The code is written in Fortran with the OpenMP parallel paradigm. It implements an arbitrary high order accurate numerical scheme which exploits the ADER paradigm both for the Finite Volume and Discontinous Galerkin case and can be used for studying the Burgers equation, Euler equations, multi-material Euler equations, Shallow Water models written in various system of coordinates and in covariant form, MHD equations, and the GPR model. It belongs to the family of Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian methods, so it can be used in fixed Eulerian framework or with a moving Voronoi mesh regenerated at each time step. Its peculiarity is the capability of dealing with topology changes maintaining the high order of accuracy.

The work of 2023 has been devoted to the following major improvements. First, we have completed the implementation of our robust a posteriori subcell Finite Volume limiter and we have continued our exploration on novel sofisticated mesh adaptation techniques. We have also collected the salient examples of the effectiveness of our moving mesh scheme in 26.

Then, we have continued our work on a novel quasi-conservative strategy to deal with multi-material flow simulations that we have already described above and for which here we want just to underline that the method has been implemented in two-dimension on unstructured Voronoi meshes.

Finally, we have inserted in the code powerful well balanced techniques which allow to study with increased accuracy the evolution of small perturbations arising over moving equilibrium solutions. A manuscript which reports these novel results with benchmarks performed on the Euler equations and the MHD equations is in preparation. We remark, that this is the first time in literature that the full ADER DG scheme with a posteriori sub-cell FV limiter has been made well balanced. This has been obtained by assuring that any projection, reconstruction and integration procedures were always performed by summing up the exact value of the equilibria plus the high order accurate evolution of the fluctuations.

The main developer of AleVoronoi is Elena Gaburro. The described work has been realized in collaboration with Simone Chiocchetti (University of Trento, Italy) and Mario Ricchiuto.

This work has been presented at Numhyp 2023 (Bordeaux), ICIAM 2023 (Tokyo, Japan), ENUMATH 2023 (Lisbon, Portugal) and in several seminars at the department level (as at i. Politecnico di Milano, Italy, ii. École Polytechnique Paris, France, iii. University of Stuttgart. Germany ...).

7.7 Modeling of flows in aquifers

Participants: Manon Carreau, Martin Parisot.

• Corresponding member: Martin Parisot

The objective of this project is to propose a numerical tool (software GeoFun) for the simulation of flows in aquifers based on unified models. Different types of flows can appear in an aquifer: free surface flows (hyperbolic equations) for lakes and rivers, and porous flows (elliptic equations) for ground water. The variation in time of the domain where each type of flow must be solved makes the simulation of flows in aquifers a scientific challenge. Our strategy consists of writing a model that can be solved in the whole domain, i.e. without domain decomposition.

For the beginning of the project we start by considering only the saturated areas. In 51, we propose and study a unified model between shallow water and Dupuit-Forchheimer models, which are both classical models in each areas. A numerical scheme has been proposed and analysed. It satisfies a discrete entropy dissipation which ensure a strong stability.

In 15, we also propose a model and a numerical strategy to take into account the air pockets that can be trapped under a impermeable structure. This work can also be used for the simulation of some marine energy conververters such are the solution of Seaturns of Hace. In parallel, we work on the structure of the code in order to integrate more easily the furthers ideas. In particular, specific numerical integrators and time schemes have been implemented.

7.8 Uncertainty quantifications

Participants: Héloïse Beaugendre.

This paper 17 is part of Elie Solai's PhD and proposes an innovative way to deal with the uncertainties related to internal resistance of Li-ion batteries using experimental data and numerical simulation. First, a CFD model is used to reproduce an experimental configuration representing the behavior of heated Li-ion battery cells under constant discharging current conditions. Secondly, an Uncertainty Quantification based methodology is proposed to represent the internal resistance and its inherent uncertainties. The impact of those uncertainties on the temperature evolution of Li-ion cells is quantified. A Bayesian inference of the internal resistance model parameters using experimental measurements is performed, reducing the prediction uncertainty by almost 95% for some temperatures of interest. Finally, an enhanced internal model is constructed by considering the state of charge and temperature dependency on internal resistance. The resulting temperature evolution computed with the two different resistance models is compared for the low state of charge situations.

8.1 Bilateral Contracts

9.1 International initiatives

9.2 International research visitors

9.3 European initiatives

9.4 National initiatives

10.1 Promoting scientific activities

10.2 Teaching - Supervision - Juries

10.3 Popularization

11.1 Major publications

• 1 articleT.Tiffanie Carlier, L.Léo Nouveau, H.Heloise Beaugendre, M.Mathieu Colin and M.Mario Ricchiuto. An Enriched Shifted Boundary Method to Account For Moving Fronts.Journal of Computational Physics4892023HALDOI
• 2 articleM.Mirco Ciallella, D.Davide Torlo and M.Mario Ricchiuto. Arbitrary High Order WENO Finite Volume Scheme with Flux Globalization for Moving Equilibria Preservation.Journal of Scientific Computing962June 2023, 53HALDOI
• 3 article M.Maria Kazolea and M.Mario Ricchiuto. Full nonlinearity in weakly dispersive Boussinesq models: luxury or necessity ? Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 150 1 January 2024 HAL DOI

11.2 Publications of the year

11.3 Cited publications

• 38 articleR.Remi Abgrall, H.Hélo\"ise Beaugendre and C.Cécile Dobrzynski. An immersed boundary method using unstructured anisotropic mesh adaptation combined with level-sets and penalization techniques.Journal of Computational Physics2572014, 83-101HALback to textback to text
• 39 articleAn Immersed Boundary Method with Formal Second-Order Accuracy and Reduced Numerical Viscosity.Journal of Computational Physics16022000, 705-719URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021999100964830DOIback to text
• 40 articleL.Luca Arpaia and M.Mario Ricchiuto. Well balanced residual distribution for the ALE spherical shallow water equations on moving adaptive meshes.Journal of Computational Physics4052020, 109173HALDOIback to textback to text
• 41 articleH.H. Beaugendre and F.F. Morency. Development of a Second Generation In-flight Icing Simulation Code.Journal of Fluids Engineering1282006back to textback to text
• 42 articleH.Hélo\"ise Beaugendre, F.François Morency, F.Fédérico Gallizio and S.Sophie Laurens. Computation of Ice Shedding Trajectories Using Cartesian Grids, Penalization, and Level Sets.Modelling and Simulation in Engineering20112011, 1-15HALback to text
• 43 articleL.Lokman Bennani, P.Philippe Villedieu, M.M Salaun and P.Pierre Trontin. Numerical simulation and modeling of ice shedding: Process initiation.Computers & Structures1422014, 15--27back to text
• 44 articleA.A. Bermudez and M. V.M.E. Vazquez Cendon. Upwind Methods for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws with Source Terms.Comput. Fluids23581994, 1049--1071back to text
• 45 articleA.A. Bonfiglioli, M.M. Grottadaurea, R.R. Paciorri and F.F. Sabetta. An unstructured, three-dimensional, shock-fitting solver for hypersonic flows.Computers & Fluids732013, 162 - 174back to text
• 46 articleU.Umberto Bosi, A. P.Allan P Engsig-Karup, C.Claes Eskilsson and M.Mario Ricchiuto. A spectral/hp element depth-integrated model for nonlinear wave-body interaction.Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering3482019, 222-249HALDOIback to text
• 47 articleY.Y. Bourgault, H.H. Beaugendre and W.W.G. Habashi. Development of a Shallow-Water icing model in FENSAP-ICE.Journal of Aircraft372000back to text
• 48 articleI. D.I. D. Boyd, G.G. Chen and G. V.G. V. Candler. Predicting the Failure of the Continuum Fluid Equations in Transitional Hypersonic Flow.Physics of Fluids71995, 210--219back to text
• 49 articleM.M. Brocchini. A reasoned overview on Boussinesq-type models: the interplay between physics, mathematics and numerics.Proc. Royal Soc. A4692014back to text
• 50 articleL.LT Buchman and J. M.James M Bardeen. Hyperbolic tetrad formulation of the Einstein equations for numerical relativity.Physical Review D6782003, 084017back to text
• 51 articleM.Manon Carreau and M.Martin Parisot. A unified modeling of underground-surface hydraulic processes with vertical-integrated approach.2022back to text
• 52 articleM. J.Manuel J Castro and C.Carlos Parés. Well-balanced high-order finite volume methods for systems of balance laws.Journal of Scientific Computing8222020, 48back to textback to text
• 53 articleR.Rémi Chassagne, A. G.Andrea Gilberto Filippini, M.Mario Ricchiuto and P.Philippe Bonneton. Dispersive and dispersive-like bores in channels with sloping banks.Journal of Fluid Mechanics8702019, 595--616back to text
• 54 articleI.-L.I.-L Chern, J.J Glimm, O.O Mcbryan, B.B Plohr and S.S Yaniv. Front tracking for gas dynamics.Journal of Computational Physics6211986, 83-110URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021999186901014DOIback to text
• 55 articleS.S. Clain, D.D. Lopes and R.R.M.S. Pereira. Very high-order Cartesian-grid finite difference method on arbitrary geometries.Journal of Computational Physics4342021, 110217URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021999121001121DOIback to text
• 56 articleC.C. Cluzel, E.E. Baranger, P.P. Ladevèze and A.A. Mouret. Mechanical behaviour and lifetime modelling of self-healing ceramic-matrix composites subjected to thermomechanical loading in air.Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing4082009, 976--984back to text
• 57 bookC. F.Computational Fluid Dynamics Committee. Guide for the Verification and Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations.American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics1998back to text
• 58 inproceedingsG.Guillaume Couégnat, G. L.Gérard L. Vignoles, V.Virginie Drean, C.Christianne Mulat, W.William Ros, G.Grégory Perrot, T.Thomas Haurat, J.Jalal El-Yagoubi, M.Martin Eric, M.Mario Ricchiuto, C.Christian Germain and M.Michel Cataldi. Virtual material approach to self-healing CMCs.4th European Conference for Aerospace Sciences (EUCASS)Saint Petersurg, RussiaJuly 2011HALback to textback to text
• 59 inproceedingsZ.Z. Demirbilek, A.A. Zundel and O.O. Nwogu. Boussinesq Modeling of Wave Propagation and Runup over Fringing Coral Reefs, Model Evaluation Report.Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory Technical Note CHLTR0712Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center2007back to text
• 60 articleC.Cécile Dobrzynski, P.Pascal Frey, B.Bijan Mohammadi and O.Olivier Pironneau. Fast and accurate simulations of air-cooled structures.Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering1952006, 3168-3180HALback to text
• 61 inproceedingsV.V Drean, G.G. Perrot, G.G. Couégnat, M.M. Ricchiuto and G.G.L. Vignoles. Image-Based 2D Numerical Modeling of Oxide Formation in Self-Healing CMCs.Developments in Strategic Materials and Computational Design IIIJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.2013, 117--125URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118217542.ch11back to text
• 62 inproceedingsC.Claes Eskilsson, J.Johannes Palm, A. P.Allan Peter Engsig-Karup, U.Umberto Bosi and M.Mario Ricchiuto. Wave Induced Motions of Point-Absorbers: a Hierarchical Investigation of Hydrodynamic Models.11th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC)Nantes, FranceSeptember 2015HALback to textback to text
• 63 articleA.A.G Filippini, M.M. Kazolea and M.M. Ricchiuto. A flexible genuinely nonlinear approach for nonlinear wave propagation, breaking and runup.Journal of Computational Physics3102016back to text
• 64 articleH.Hans Forrer and R.Rolf Jeltsch. A Higher-Order Boundary Treatment for Cartesian-Grid Methods.Journal of Computational Physics14021998, 259-277URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021999198958910DOIback to text
• 65 articleE.Elena Gaburro. A unified framework for the solution of hyperbolic PDE systems using high order direct Arbitrary-Lagrangian--Eulerian schemes on moving unstructured meshes with topology change.Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering2832021, 1249--1321back to text
• 66 articleE.Elena Gaburro, W.Walter Boscheri, S.Simone Chiocchetti, C.Christian Klingenberg, V.Volker Springel and M.Michael Dumbser. High order direct Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian schemes on moving Voronoi meshes with topology changes.Journal of Computational Physics4072020, 109167back to text
• 67 articleE.Elena Gaburro, M. J.Manuel J Castro and M.Michael Dumbser. A well balanced finite volume scheme for general relativity.SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing4362021, B1226--B1251back to textback to text
• 68 articleE.Elena Gaburro, M. J.Manuel J Castro and M.Michael Dumbser. Well-balanced Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian finite volume schemes on moving nonconforming meshes for the Euler equations of gas dynamics with gravity.Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society47722018, 2251--2275back to text
• 69 articleE.Edwige Godlewski, M.Martin Parisot, J.Jacques Sainte-Marie and F.Fabien Wahl. Congested shallow water model: on floating body.The SMAI journal of computational mathematics62020, 227--251URL: https://smai-jcm.centre-mersenne.org/item/SMAI-JCM_2020__6__227_0/DOIback to text
• 70 articleE.Edwige Godlewski, M.Martin Parisot, J.Jacques Sainte-Marie and F.Fabien Wahl. Congested shallow water model: roof modeling in free surface flow.ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis525Sep 2018, 1679--1707URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/m2an/2018032DOIback to text
• 71 inproceedingsE.E. Josyula and J.J. Burt. Review of Rarefied gas effects in hypersonic applications.RTO AVT/VKI Lecture Series - Models and Computational Methods for Rarefied Flows2011back to text
• 72 articleM.M. Kazolea, A.A.I. Delis and C.C.E. Synolakis. Numerical treatment of wave-breaking on unstructured finite volume approximations for extended Boussinesq-type equations.Journal of Computational Physics2712014back to text
• 73 articleA.A.B. Kennedy, J. ..J .T. Kirby and R.R.A. Dalrymple. Boussinesq modeling of wave transformation, breaking and runup. Part I: 1D.J. Waterw. PortCoast. Ocean Eng.1262000, 39--47back to text
• 74 inproceedingsN.N. Kroll, T.T. Leicht, C.Ch. Hirsch, F.F. Bassi, C.C. Johnston, K.K.A. Sorensen and K.K. Hillewaert. Results and Conclusions of the European Project IDIHOM on High-Order Methods for Industrial Aerodynamic Applications.53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting2015back to text
• 75 articleM.M. Lesoinne and C.C. Farhat. Geometric Conservation Laws for flow problems with moving boundaries and deformable meshes, and their impact on aeroelastic computations.Comput. Method Appl. M.1341-21996, 71--90back to text
• 76 articleA.A. Loseille and F.F. Alauzet. Continuous mesh framework, Part II: validations and applications.SIAM in Numerical Analysis4912011back to text
• 77 inproceedingsA.A. Loseille, A.A. Dervieux, P.P.J. Frey and F.F Alauzet. Achievement of global second-order mesh convergence for discontinuous flows with adapted unstructured meshes.18th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, Miami (FL)AIAA paper 2007-41862007back to text
• 78 articleA.A. Main and G.G. Scovazzi. The shifted boundary method for embedded domain computations. Part I: Poisson and Stokes problems.Journal of Computational Physics2017, URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021999117307799DOIback to text
• 79 articleK.Ken Mattsson and M.Martin Almquist. A high-order accurate embedded boundary method for first order hyperbolic equations.Journal of Computational Physics3342017, 255-279URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021999116306969DOIback to text
• 80 articleS.Sixtine Michel, D.Davide Torlo, M.Mario Ricchiuto and R.Rémi Abgrall. Spectral Analysis of Continuous FEM for Hyperbolic PDEs: Influence of Approximation, Stabilization, and Time-Stepping.Journal of Scientific Computing892November 2021HALDOIback to text
• 81 inproceedingsF.Florent Nauleau, F.Fabien Vivodtzev, T.Thibault Bridel-Bertomeu, H.Heloise Beaugendre and J.Julien Tierny. Topological Analysis of Ensembles of Hydrodynamic Turbulent Flows An Experimental Study.2022 IEEE 12th Symposium on Large Data Analysis and Visualization (LDAV)IEEE2022, 1--11back to text
• 82 articleL.L. Nouveau, H.H. Beaugendre, C.C. Dobrzynski, R.R. Abgrall and M.M. Ricchiuto. An explicit, adaptive, residual based splitting approach for the steardy and time dependent penalized Navier Stokes equations.Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engrg.3032016, 208--230back to textback to text
• 83 articleL.Leo Nouveau, M.Mario Ricchiuto and G.Guglielmo Scovazzi. High-order gradients with the shifted boundary method: an embedded enriched mixed formulation for elliptic PDEs.Journal of Computational Physics3982019, 108898back to text
• 84 inproceedingsO.O. Nwogu. Numerical prediction of breaking waves and currents with a Boussinesq model.Proceedings 25th International Conference on Coastal Engineering1996back to text
• 85 inproceedingsM.M. Papadakis, H.H.W. Yeong and I.I.G. Suares. Simulation of Ice Shedding from a Business Jet Aircraft.AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 45 th, Reno, NVAIAA Paper 2007-5062007back to text
• 86 inproceedingsG.G. Perrot, G.G. Couégnat, M.M. Ricchiuto and G.G.L. Vignoles. 2D numerical modelling of the two-scale lifetime of self-healing CMCs.International Workshop on Testing and Modeling Ceramic and Carbon Matrix CompositesAbstract reviewENS Cachan, FranceJune 2014back to text
• 87 articleI.Ilya Peshkov, H.Héctor Olivares and E.Evgeniy Romenski. First-order hyperbolic formulation of the pure tetrad teleparallel gravity theory.arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.136592022back to text
• 88 inproceedingsF.F. Rebillat. Advances in self-healing ceramic matrix composites.Advances in Ceramic Matrix CompositesWoodhead2014, 369--409back to text
• 89 articleM.M. Ricchiuto. On the C-property and Generalized C-property of Residual Distribution for the Shallow Water Equations.Journal of Scientific Computing4812011, 304-318back to text
• 90 bookP. J.P J Roache. Verification and validation in computational science and engineering.Albuquerque, NMHermosa1998, URL: https://cds.cern.ch/record/580994back to text
• 91 articleV.V. Roeber, K.K.F. Cheung and M.M.H. Kobayashi. Shock-capturing Boussinesq-type model for nearshore wave processes.Coastal Engineering572010, 407--423back to text
• 92 inproceedingsJ.J. Slotnick, A.A. Khodadoust, J.J. Alonso, D.D. Darmofal, W.W. Gropp, E.E. Lurie and D.D. Mavriplis. CFD Vision 2030 Study: A Path to Revolutionary Computational Aerosciences.NASA/CR-2014-2181782014back to text
• 93 articleS.Sirui Tan and C.-W.Chi-Wang Shu. Inverse Lax-Wendroff procedure for numerical boundary conditions of conservation laws.Journal of Computational Physics229212010, 8144-8166URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021999110003979DOIback to text
• 94 articleP. D.P. D. Thomas and C. K.C. K. Lombard. Geometric Conservation Law and Its Application to Flow Computations on Moving Grids.AIAA Journal17101979, 1030-1037back to text
• 95 articleM.M. Tissier, P.P. Bonneton, F.F. Marche, F.F. Chazel and D.D. Lannes. A new approach to handle wave breaking in fully non-linear Boussinesq models.Coastal Engineering672012, 54--66URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378383912000749DOIback to text
• 96 articleM.M. Tonelli and i.i M. Pett. Simulation of wave breaking over complex bathymetries by a Boussinesq model.Journal of Hydraulic Research4942011, 473-486back to text
• 97 articleM.M. Tonelli and M.M. Petti. Hybrid finite volume-finite difference scheme for 2DH improved Boussinesq equations.Coastal Engineering 562009, 609--620back to text
• 98 inproceedingsP.P. Tran, P.P. Benquet, G.G. Baruzzi and W.W.G. Habashi. Design of Ice Protection Systems and Icing Certification Through Cost - Effective Use of CFD.AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and ExhibitAIAA-CP 2002-03822002back to text
• 99 articleM.M.D. de Tullio, P. D.P. De Palma, G.G. Iaccarino, G.G. Pascazio and M.M. Napolitano. An immersed boundary method for compressible flows using local grid refinement.Journal of Computational Physics22522007, 2098-2117URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021999107001222DOIback to text
• 100 articleZ.Z.J. Wang, K.K. Fidkowski, R.R. Abgrall, F.F. Bassi, D.D. Caraeni, A.A. Cary, H.H. Deconinck, R.R. Hartmann, K.K. Hillewaert, H.H.T. Huynh, N.N. Kroll, G.G. May, P.-O.P.-O. Persson, B.B. van Leer and M.M. Visbal. High-order CFD methods: current status and perspective.International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids7282013, 811--845back to text
• 101 inproceedingsJ.J. Weber. WEC Technology Readiness and Performance Matrix, finding the best research technology development trajectory.4th International Conference on Ocean Engineering - ICOE2012back to textback to text