Section: Research Program

Axis 2: Bio-physical modeling for personalized therapies

In this axis, we investigate locoregional therapies such as radiotherapy, irreversible electroporation. Electroporation consists in increasing the membrane permeability of cells by the delivery of high voltage pulses. This non-thermal phenomenon can be transient (reversible) or irreversible (IRE). IRE or electro-chemotherapy – which is a combination of reversible electroporation with a cytotoxic drug – are essential tools for the treatment of a metastatic disease. Numerical modeling of these therapies is a clear scientific challenge. Clinical applications of the modeling are the main target, which thus drives the scientific approach, even though theoretical studies in order to improve the knowledge of the biological phenomena, in particular for electroporation, should also be addressed. However, this subject is quite wide and we focus on two particular approaches: some aspects of radiotherapies and electro-chemotherapy. This choice is motivated partly by pragmatic reasons: we already have collaborations with physicians on these therapies. Other treatments could be probably treated with the same approach, but we do not plan to work on this subject on a medium term.

• Radiotherapy (RT) is a common therapy for cancer. Typically, using a CT scan of the patient with the structures of interest (tumor, organs at risk) delineated, the clinicians optimize the dose delivery to treat the tumor while preserving healthy tissues. The RT is then delivered every day using low resolution scans (CBCT) to position the beams. Under treatment the patient may lose weight and the tumor shrinks. These changes may affect the propagation of the beams and subsequently change the dose that is effectively delivered. It could be harmful for the patient especially if sensitive organs are concerned. In such cases, a replanification of the RT could be done to adjust the therapeutical protocol. Unfortunately, this process takes too much time to be performed routinely. The challenges faced by clinicians are numerous, we focus on two of them:

  • Detecting the need of replanification: we are using the positioning scans to evaluate the movement and deformation of the various structures of interest. Thus we can detect whether or not a structure has moved out of the safe margins (fixed by clinicians) and thus if a replanification may be necessary. In a retrospective study, our work can also be used to determine RT margins when there are no standard ones. A collaboration with the RT department of Institut Bergonié is underway on the treatment of retroperitoneal sarcoma and ENT tumors (head and neck cancers). A retrospective study was performed on 11 patients with retro-peritoneal sarcoma. The results have shown that the safety margins (on the RT) that clinicians are currently using are probably not large enough. The tool used in this study was developed by an engineer funded by Inria (Cynthia Périer, ADT Sesar). We used well validated methods from a level-set approach and segmentation / registration methods. The originality and difficulty lie in the fact that we are dealing with real data in a clinical setup. Clinicians have currently no way to perform complex measurements with their clinical tools. This prevents them from investigating the replanification. Our work and the tools developed pave the way for easier studies on evaluation of RT plans in collaboration with Institut Bergonié. There was no modeling involved in this work that arose during discussions with our collaborators. The main purpose of the team is to have meaningful outcomes of our research for clinicians, sometimes it implies leaving a bit our area of expertise.

  • Evaluating RT efficacy and finding correlation between the radiological responses and the clinical outcome: our goal is to help doctors to identify correlation between the response to RT (as seen on images) and the longer term clinical outcome of the patient. Typically, we aim at helping them to decide when to plan the next exam after the RT. For patients whose response has been linked to worse prognosis, this exam would have to be planned earlier. This is the subject of collaborations with Institut Bergonié and CHU Bordeaux on different cancers (head and neck, pancreas). The response is evaluated from image markers (e.g. using texture information) or with a mathematical model developed in Axis 1. The other challenges are either out of reach or not in the domain of expertise of the team. Yet our works may tackle some important issues for adaptive radiotherapy.

• Both IRE and electrochemotherapy are anticancerous treatments based on the same phenomenon: the electroporation of cell membranes. This phenomenon is known for a few decades but it is still not well understood, therefore our interest is two fold:

  1. We want to use mathematical models in order to better understand the biological behavior and the effect of the treatment. We work in tight collaboration with biologists and bioeletromagneticians to derive precise models of cell and tissue electroporation, in the continuity of the research program of the Inria team-project MC2. These studies lead to complex non-linear mathematical models involving some parameters (as less as possible). Numerical methods to compute precisely such models and the calibration of the parameters with the experimental data are then addressed. Tight collaborations with the Vectorology and Anticancerous Therapies (VAT) of IGR at Villejuif, Laboratoire Ampère of Ecole Centrale Lyon and the Karlsruhe Institute of technology will continue, and we aim at developing new collaborations with Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS) of Toulouse and the Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Experimental Oncology (LMPEO) at CNR Rome, in order to understand differences of the electroporation of healthy cells and cancer cells in spheroids and tissues.

  2. This basic research aims at providing new understanding of electroporation, however it is necessary to address, particular questions raised by radio-oncologists that apply such treatments. One crucial question is "What pulse or what train of pulses should I apply to electroporate the tumor if the electrodes are located as given by the medical images"? Even if the real-time optimization of the placement of the electrodes for deep tumors may seem quite utopian since the clinicians face too many medical constraints that cannot be taken into account (like the position of some organs, arteries, nerves...), one can expect to produce real-time information of the validity of the placement done by the clinician. Indeed, once the placement is performed by the radiologists, medical images are usually used to visualize the localization of the electrodes. Using these medical data, a crucial goal is to provide a tool in order to compute in real-time and visualize the electric field and the electroporated region directly on theses medical images, to give the doctors a precise knowledge of the region affected by the electric field. In the long run, this research will benefit from the knowledge of the theoretical electroporation modeling, but it seems important to use the current knowledge of tissue electroporation – even quite rough –, in order to rapidly address the specific difficulty of such a goal (real-time computing of non-linear model, image segmentation and visualization). Tight collaborations with CHU Pellegrin at Bordeaux, and CHU J. Verdier at Bondy are crucial.

• Radiofrequency ablation. In a collaboration with Hopital Haut Leveque, CHU Bordeaux we are trying to determine the efficacy and risk of relapse of hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation. For this matter we are using geometrical measurements on images (margins of the RFA, distance to the boundary of the organ) as well as texture information to statistically evaluate the clinical outcome of patients.

• Intensity focused ultrasound. In collaboration with Utrecht Medical center, we aim at tackling several challenges in clinical applications of IFU: target tracking, dose delivery...