Section: New Results

Discontinuous Galerkin methods for Maxwell's equations

DGTD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$ method based on hierarchical polynomial interpolation

Participants : Loula Fezoui, Stéphane Lanteri.

The DGTD (Discontinuous Galerkin Time Domain) method originally proposed by the team for the solution of the time domain Maxwell's equations [14] relies on an arbitrary high order polynomial interpolation of the component of the electromagnetic field, and its computer implementation makes use of nodal (Lagrange) basis expansions on simplicial elements. The resulting method is often denoted by DGTD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$ where $p$ refers to the interpolation degree that can be defined locally i.e. at the element level. In view of the design of a $hp$-adaptive DGTD method, i.e. a solution strategy allowing an automatic adaptation of the interpolation degree $p$ and the discretization step $h$, we now investigate alternative polynomial interpolation and in particular those which lead to hierarchical or/and orthogonal basis expansions. Such basis expansions on simplicial elements have been extensively studied in the context of continuous finite element formulations (e.g. [52] ) and have thus been designed with global conformity requirements (i.e. $H_1$, $H\left(\text{rot}\right)$ or $\left(\text{div}\right)$) whose role in the context of a discontinuous Galerkin formulation has to be clarified. This represents one of the objectives of this study.

DGTD-${\mathbb{P}}_p{\mathbb{Q}}_k$ method on multi-element meshes

Participants : Clément Durochat, Stéphane Lanteri, Raphael Léger, Claire Scheid, Mark Loriot [Distene, Pôle Teratec, Bruyères-le-Chatel] .

In this work, we study a multi-element DGTD method formulated on a hybrid mesh which combines a structured (orthogonal) discretization of the regular zones of the computational domain with an unstructured discretization of the irregularly shaped objects. The general objective is to enhance the flexibility and the efficiency of DGTD methods for large-scale time domain electromagnetic wave propagation problems with regards to the discretization process of complex propagation scenes. With this objective in mind, we have designed and analyzed a DGTD-${\mathbb{P}}_p{\mathbb{Q}}_k$ method formulated on non-conforming hybrid quadrangular/triangular meshes (2D case) or non-conforming hexahedral/tetrahedral meshes (3D case) for the solution of the time domain Maxwell's equations.

Figure 2. Scattering of a plane wave by an disk. Conforming triangular mesh (top left) and non-conforming quadrangular/triangular mesh (top right). Contour lines of electrical field component $E_z$ from a simulation with a DGTD-${\mathbb{P}}_2{\mathbb{Q}}_4$ method (bottom).

DGTD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$ method for Debye media and applications to biolectromagnetics

Participants : Claire Scheid, Maciej Klemm [Communication Systems & Networks Laboratory, Centre for Communications Research, University of Bristol, UK] , Stéphane Lanteri.

This work is undertaken in the context of a collaboration with the Communication Systems & Networks Laboratory, Centre for Communications Research, University of Bristol (UK). This laboratory is studying imaging modalities based on microwaves with applications to dynamic imaging of the brain activity (Dynamic Microwave Imaging) on one hand, and to cancerology (imaging of breast tumors) on the other hand. The design of imaging systems for these applications is extensively based on computer simulation, in particular to assess the performances of the antenna arrays which are at the heart of these systems. In practice, one has to model the propagation of electromagnetic waves emitted from complex sources and which propagate and interact with biological tissues. In relation with these issues, we study the extension of the DGTD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$ method originally proposed in [14] to the numerical treatment of electromagnetic wave propagation in dispersive media. We consider an approach based on an auxiliary differential equation modeling the time evolution of the electric polarization for a dispersive medium of Debye type (other dispersive media will be considered subsequently). The stability and a priori convergence analysis of the resulting DGTD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$ method has been recently studied [25] , and its application to the simulation of the propagation in realistic geometrical models of head tissues is underway.

DGTD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$ method for Drude media and applications to nanophotonics

Participants : Claire Scheid, Maciej Klemm [Communication Systems & Networks Laboratory, Centre for Communications Research, University of Bristol, UK] , Stéphane Lanteri, Jonathan Viquerat.

Nanostructuring of materials has opened up a number of new possibilities for manipulating and enhancing light-matter interactions, thereby improving fundamental device properties. Low-dimensional semiconductors, like quantum dots, enable one to catch the electrons and control the electronic properties of a material, while photonic crystal structures allow to synthesize the electromagnetic properties. These technologies may, e.g., be employed to make smaller and better lasers, sources that generate only one photon at a time, for applications in quantum information technology, or miniature sensors with high sensitivity. The incorporation of metallic structures into the medium allows one to exploit plasmonic effects and adds further possibilities for manipulating the propagation of electromagnetic waves. In particular, this allows subwavelength localisation of the electromagnetic field and, by subwavelength structuring of the material, novel effects like negative refraction, e.g. enabling super lenses, may be realized. Nanophotonics is the recently emerged, but already well defined, field of science and technology aimed at establishing and using the peculiar properties of light and light-matter interaction in various nanostructures. Because of its numerous scientific and technological applications (e.g. in relation to telecommunication, energy production and biomedicine), nanophotonics represents an active field of research increasingly relying on numerical modeling beside experimental studies. We have started this year a new research direction aiming at the numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave interaction with nanoscale metallic structures. In this context, one has to take into account the dispersive characteristics of cartain metals in the frequency range of interest to nanophotonics. As a first step in this direction, we have considered an auxiliary differential equation approach for the numerical treatment of a Drude dispersion model in the framework of a DGFD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$ method.

Frequency domain hybridized DGFD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$ methods

Participants : Stéphane Lanteri, Liang Li [Faculty Member, School of Mathematical Sciences, Institute of Computational Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China] , Ronan Perrussel [Laplace Laboratory, INP/ENSEEIHT/UPS, Toulouse] .

For certain types of problems, a time harmonic evolution can be assumed leading to the formulation of the frequency domain Maxwell equations, and solving these equations may be more efficient than considering the time domain variant. We are studying a high order Discontinuous Galerkin Frequency Domain (DGFD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$) method formulated on unstructured meshes for solving the 2D and 3D time harmonic Maxwell equations. However, one major drawback of DG methods is their intrinsic cost due to the very large number of globally coupled degrees of freedom as compared to classical high order conforming finite element methods. Different attempts have been made in the recent past to improve this situation and one promising strategy has been recently proposed by Cockburn et al. [47] in the form of so-called hybridizable DG formulations. The distinctive feature of these methods is that the only globally coupled degrees of freedom are those of an approximation of the solution defined only on the boundaries of the elements. This work is concerned with the study of such Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) methods for the solution of the system of Maxwell equations in the time domain when the time integration relies on an implicit scheme, or in the frequency domain. In particular, we have recently designed a HDGFD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$ method for the solution of the 2D frequency domain Maxwell equations [22] and, based on the very promising results obtained in this study, the extension to the more challenging 3D case has been initiated.

Exact transparent condition in a DGFD-${\mathbb{P}}_p$ method

Participants : Mohamed El Bouajaji, Nabil Gmati [ENIT-LAMSIN, Tunisia] , Stéphane Lanteri, Jamil Salhi [ENIT-LAMSIN, Tunisia] .

In the numerical treatment of propagation problems theoretically posed in unbounded domains, an artificial boundary is introduced on which an absorbing condition is imposed. For the frequency domain Maxwell equations, one generally use the Silver-Müller condition which is a first order approximation of the exact radiation condition. Then, the accuracy of the numerical treatment greatly depends on the position of the artificial boundary with regards to the scattering object. In this work, we have conducted a preliminary study aiming at improving this situation by using an exact transparent condition in place of the Silver-Müller condition. Promising results have been obtained in the 2D case [26] .